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| who were the two early psychologist and what did they do? |
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Hall- established the APA, first research laboratory.
Wundt- first lab, trained many psychologists that moved to America. |
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| No manipulation; describe behavior using case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation |
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| one person (or a few) studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principals |
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Technique to assess self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people
Usually by questioning a representative, random sample of people
Anchor: used to answer to a question |
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| Observing behavior without manipulation of the situation |
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| All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study |
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| Fairly represents a population |
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| Repeat to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances |
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A statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables, needs to be measureable
Example- smart |
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Extent to which two factors vary together
How well either factor predicts the other
Strength can be negative
Doesn’t always mean it’s the cause |
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| The perception of a relationships where none exists |
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Manipulate one + factors (IV) to observe the effect on some behavior (DV)
Random assignment controls other relevant factors |
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| Exposed to the treatment or IV |
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Contrasts
Serves as a comparison |
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Austrian Monk who studied math & science
Predicted types of flowers and fruits that would result from crossbreeding plants |
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| How traits are inherited through the interactions of genes |
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Material that controls which traits are expressed in an organism
Pairs
One copy of each gene from each parent |
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appearance
interaction based |
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| different forms of a trait that a gene may have |
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| Can be hidden, lower case letter |
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- When an organism has two different alleles for a gene that does not follow the dominant/recessive pattern
- = a trait that is a blend of the traits represented by the two alleles
- Aka incomplete dominance
- Ex: Pink flowers from white and red |
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+ natural or – effects
Specific or wide spread
Most have - effects |
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When a group of gene pairs acts together to produce a trait
Effects of many alleles produce a wide variety of phenotypes |
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Genes also influence indirectly
Ex: genetic predisposition to temper tantrums
People react harshly
If genetic influence produces even a small increase in some activity, the early tendency may become magnified
The small predisposition keeps building up |
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| What is the brain's potential? |
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Born with 100 billion brain cells
Most potential for synaptic connections as a fetus
15,000 for each cell (potential connections) |
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| Infancy and Brain architecture |
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bottom-up sequence
Higher capacities difficult w/o lower |
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| Sensing pathways (vision, hearing) |
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| Higher cognitive function |
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| how many connections by age 3 |
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| what happens in the second decade neurologically? |
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| Experience defines what in the brain |
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| Is differentiation due to environment or are we born with domain-specific modules? |
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| impairment for neurodevelopment |
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Remediation can be difficult
Easier to prevent |
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| structuralism and who was founder |
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based on notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related. Introspection.
Edward titchener |
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| functionalism and founder |
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was based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure
William James |
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Theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior
Behaviorism stimulus-response approach
Believed that you couldn’t study internal mental events
Environmental factors mold behavior |
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rejected behaviorism and psychoanalysis
theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth
Optimistic view on human nature
Fundamental drive for human growth and sense of self |
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| Techniuques to improve study habits |
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| SQ3R: Survey, question, read, recite, review |
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| Distinguish different methods of acquiring information for research |
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Descriptive/Correlational research
Naturalistic observation
Case Study
Survey
Experimentation |
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| Advantages and disandavantages of experiment |
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precise control over variables, ability to draw conclusions about cause and effect relationship
contrived situations often artificial, ethical concerns and practical realities preclude experiments on many important questions |
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| Advantages and disandavantages of naturalistic observation |
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Minimizes artificiality, can be good place to start when little is known about phenomena under study
often difficult to remain unobstrusive; can't explain why certain pattersn of behavior were observed |
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| Advantages and disandavantages of case studies |
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well-suited for study of certain phenomena, can provide compelling illustrations to support a theory
Subjectivity makes it easy to see what one expects to see based on theoretical slant, clincal smaples often unrepresentative |
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| Advantages and disandavantages of surveys |
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an gather data on difficult to observe aspects of behavior, relavtively easy to collect data from large samples
Self-report data often unreliable, due to intentional deception, social desirability bias, response sets, memory lapses and wishful thinking |
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| advtanges of scientific appraoch |
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| clarity, precisions,, skepticism |
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| USED to inerpret data and draw conclusions |
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| what correlations tell us |
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X and Y are related
correlation does not mean causation |
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| why anecdotal evidence is an insufficient source of information |
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single case study
self-report data which can be distorted
inaccurate and embellished
incorporates others stories |
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Each parent carries two genes for a given trait and each parent contributes only a given trait, only one gene
Two copies of each gene separate from each gene separate |
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| a molecule consisting of two strands of nucleotides that is the primary carrier of genetic information |
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| suequence of nucleotides that encodes the information for amino acids in polypepetide chain |
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| Genes are made up of DNA molecumes and combined with proteins |
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| the branch of genetics concerned with the mechanisms by which genes atre transfered from parent to offspring |
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| the branch of genetics that studies the organization and arrangement of genes and chromosomes using the techniques of microscopy |
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| a complete set of chromosomes from a cell that has been photographed during cell division and arranged in a standard sequence |
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| the study of genetic events at the biochemical level |
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| recombinant DNA technology |
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| a series of techniques in which DNA fragments are link to self replicating vectors to create recombinant DNA molecules which are replicated in a host cell |
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| the attempt to improve the human species by selective breeding |
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| how eugenics affected immigration laws and restrict reproductive rights |
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Denied immigration through quotas
Sterilization- genetically, intellectually, and morally inferior individual |
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| a bacterial enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sites |
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| a new field of study that focuses on the organization, function, and evolution of genomes |
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| genetic testing and genome scanning |
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| New technology now makes it possible to screen an individual’s entire genome, instead of testing for one genetic disorder at as time, using DNA microarrays which carry the entire human genome. |
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| procedure in which normal genes are transplanted into humans carrying defective copies as a means for treating genetic diseases. |
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| show effects more in men than women |
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| occurs equally in both sexes but exerts it effects mainly or entirely in one or the other |
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| an estimate of the variance within a population that is due to heredity |
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cerebal cortex is slow to mature
rest of brain begins movements before birth
toxins reduce brain acitivity and releases neuron's self destruct program |
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| compares groups of individuals of different ages at the same time |
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| follows a single group of individuals as they develop |
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| the tendency for some kinds of people to be more likely than others to drop out of a study |
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| researchers start with groups of people of different ages, studied at the same time and then study them again at one of more later time |
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| a gorup of people born at a particular time |
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| high standards and impose controls, but warm and responsive to communications |
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| set firm controls and emotionally distant, no reasoning behind rules |
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| warm and loving but undemanding |
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