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ML 125 Physiology/Pathology Exam 3
Exam 3 Nervous System - Slides
95
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
02/27/2014

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the main functions of the nervous system?
Definition
Control / communicate / detect / and respond
Term
Nerve(s)
Definition
large bundles of axons wrapped in connective tissue
Term
Ganglion
Definition
group of cell bodies of a nerve located outside spinal cord
Term
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Definition

Brain

Spinal Cord

It is the Control Center of N.S.

Term
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Definition

consists of nerves in brain & spinal cord

 

nerves that connect CNS with receptors, muscles, glands and sense organs

Term
Afferent Peripheral System
Definition
Sensory Neurons: neurons that carry impulses TO the CNS
Term
Efferent Peripheral System
Definition
Motor Neurons: neurons that carry impulses from the CNS to muscles, glands
Term
Somatic Nervous System
Definition

voluntary movement- efferent neurons

 

impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle (external)

Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition

involuntary visceral- efferent neurons

 

impulses from CNS to smooth, gland, cardiac muscle (internal)

Term
Sympathetic Autonomic N.S.
Definition
increases organ activity (stress)
Term
Parasympathetic Autonomic N.S
Definition
normal organ functions (nonstress)
Term
Afferent or Sensory Neurons
Definition

Somatic afferent neurons

Visceral afferent neurons

Term
Efferent or Motor Neurons
Definition

Somatic efferent neurons

Visceral efferent neurons

Term
Interneurons
Definition
CNS only
Term
Neuroglia
Definition

cells that support and protect

 

smaller and numerous

 

tumors: “gliomas”

Term
Astrocytes
Definition

star-shaped, support & attach neurons to blood vessels

 

part of blood-brain barrier

Term
Oligodendrocyte
Definition
star-shaped, form myelin sheaths around axons in CNS
Term
Microglia
Definition

small cells, protection

 

“brain macrophages”

Term
Ependymal cells
Definition
ciliated epithelial cells, help circulate cerebral spinal fluid in brain ventricles and spinal cord
Term
NEURONS
Definition
conduct nerve impulses along cell membrane
Term
CELL BODY
Definition
nucleus and organelles (in or near CNS)
Term
DENDRITE(S)
Definition
branching cytoplasmic process: conducts impulse from stimulus receptor to cell body
Term
AXON
Definition
long, thin, cytoplasmic process: conducts impulse from cell body to another neuron or tissue
Term
axioplasm
Definition
cytoplasm
Term
axiolemma
Definition
plasma membrane
Term
axon collaterals
Definition
side branches
Term
axon terminals
Definition
telodendria
Term
synaptic end bulbs
Definition
end of terminals
Term
synaptic vesicles
Definition
sacs that store neurotransmitters
Term
myelin sheath
Definition

multilayered, segmented, white, phospholipid covering CNS axons

 

“white matter”

 

helps conduct impulses (insulates axon)

Term
myelinated
Definition

“white matter” Schwann cells (Sheath of Schwann)

 

Nodes of Ranvier: gaps

Term
Synapse
Definition
gap between terminal end of one neuron and dendrite of next neuron
Term
terminal knob
Definition
secretes neurotransmitter: acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine
Term
One-way transmission
Definition
only terminal end has neurotransmitter
Term
REFLEX ARC
Definition
Impulse pathway from receptor (origin) to dendrites (CNS) to responding tissue
Term
Functioning units of reflex arc
Definition

Receptor

Sensory Neuron

Center

Motor Neuron

Effector ---> “Reflex” : Spinal / Somatic / Visceral

Term
Stimulus
Definition
internal / external condition
Term
Excitability
Definition
response to nerve cells to stimuli altering membrane potential
Term
Polarization
Definition
threshold reached-->permeability (Na+)
Term
Depolarization
Definition
Na+ enters membrane
Term
Repolarization
Definition

restored resting membrane potential

 

Na+ OUT / K+ IN

Term
Refractory Period
Definition
Time between depolarization and repolarization, cannot transmit impulse
Term
White matter
Definition
myelinated axon bundles
Term
Gray matter
Definition
unmeylinated axon bundles, cell bodies, dendrites
Term
Ganglia
Definition
cell bodies (gray matter) outside the CNS
Term
Tract
Definition
bundles of fibers inside CNS
Term
MENINGES
Definition

Membrane layers surrounding CNS

 

inflammation: “meningitis”

Term
What are the meninges of the brain, from outer to inner?
Definition

Cranial cavity – cranium (skull)

 

a. Dura mater- outer layer

b. Dura sinus- venous

c. Dura mater- inner layer

d. Subdural space- serous fluid

e. Arachnoid- middle layer, spider-like

f. Subarachnoid space- Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) – lumbar puncture

g. Pia mater- inner, delicate layer closest to brain / contains blood vessels

h. BRAIN

Term
What are the meninges of the spinal cord, from outer to inner?
Definition

Spinal Cavity- vertebra(e)

 

a. Epidural space- contains adipose tissue, C.T.,and vessels

b. Dura mater

c. Arachnoid

d. Subarachnoid space- CSF: lumbar puncture

e. Pia mater

f. SPINAL CORD

Term
Four Principal Parts of the Brain
Definition

Brain Stem

Diencephalon

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Term
3 main parts of Brain Stem
Definition

Medulla Oblongata

Pons

Midbrain

Term
2 main parts of Diencephalon
Definition

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Term
Where is the Cerebellum located?
Definition
behind brain stem
Term
Which part of the brain is the largest?
Definition
Cerebrum
Term
The brain stem is a continuation of the
Definition
spinal cord
Term
Roles of the Medulla oblongata
Definition

vital reflex center

cardiac, rhythmicity, vasomotor center

swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping

cross-over: motor fibers from right cerebral cortex control left side of body

voluntary motor pathway between cord and brain

Term
Pons
Definition
bridge between brain areas
Term
Midbrain
Definition
motor and sensory fibers visual reflex center, auditory relay
Term
Another name for the Midbrain
Definition
mesencephalon
Term
DIENCEPHALON
Definition
between midbrain & cerebrum
Term
Thalamus
Definition

2 oval bodies

has most sensory & motor afferent neurons

sensations: pain, temp, touch, pressure (not olfactory)

Term
Roles of the Hypothalamus
Definition

below thalamus

connects cerebral cortex & lower autonomic center

link between cognitive mind and physiological body (ie. sound, smell, taste)

thirst center, body temp, appetite, waking/ sleeping, emotion- aggression, sex

links nervous system to endocrine system

Term
Hypothalamus Synthesizes
Definition

Antidiuretic Hormone-ADH: affects excretion / fluid balance (decreasing urine production)

 

Oxytocin: uterine contraction (labor) & lactation

 

Releasing Factors: affects hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland

Term
CEREBELLUM
Definition

Second largest part of the brain

 

Responsible for:

Fine muscle movement

Subconscious skeletal muscle movement

Coordination

 

Damage: same side motor dysfunction

 

Posture, equilibrium, speech, gait

 

Test: touch nose with eyes closed

Term
CEREBRUM
Definition

Largest part of brain

12 billion neurons

Interprets sensation, controls voluntary motor activities, intellect, reason, memory, language, consciousness

Term
CEREBRUM Structure
Definition

Cerebral cortex- outer, gray matter

 

Basal ganglia- inner, white matter

 

Gyri- convolutions

 

Sulci- shallow grooves

 

Fissures- deep grooves

Term
Corpus collosum
Definition

located in the longitudinal fissure

 

cord tissue connecting right / left hemispheres

 

responsible for brain integration

 

right & left hemisphere communication

Term
CEREBRUM Lobes: Four Main Lobes
Definition

Frontal: motor of opposite side, speech

 

Parietal: sensory, smell, motor, taste

 

Occipital: visual

 

Temporal: auditory, smell

Term
CEREBRUM Functions
Definition

Sensory: receives and interprets sensory organ data

 

Motor: voluntary and some involuntary

 

Association: intellect, learning, recall-memory, language, reasoning

 

Limbic: a system, action or visceral

 

Emotions, autonomic, sexual, biological rhythms, pleasures, subconscious motor and sensory

Term
Brain Lateralization
Definition
“split brain”
Term
dominant right hemisphere
Definition

left-handed

 

music, art, imagination, insight, images

Term
dominant left hemisphere
Definition

right-handed

 

speech, writing, numbers, scientific, logic

Term
SPINAL CORD important facts
Definition

Transmits impulses to and from brain

 

Located inside spinal cavity / vertebral canal

 

Internal: gray matter-cell bodies of motor and inter-neurons

 

External: white mater of myelinated axons and dendrites on interneurons

 

31 spinal nerve fibers in ascending and descending tracts

Term
CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID
Definition
Circulates in subarachnoid space in brain cavities (ventricles) and spinal cord
Term
Brain Ventricles
Definition

First & Second: 2 lateral ventricles

 

Third: between right & left halves of thalamus and between lateral ventricles

 

Fourth: inferior to brain stem and cerebellum

 

Communicates with subarachnoid space of brain and spinal cord

Term
CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID: amount
Definition
80-150 mL
Term
CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID: color
Definition
clear, colorless
Term
CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID: contains
Definition
protein, glucose, salt, urea
Term
CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID: primary role
Definition
shock absorber
Term
CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID: formed
Definition
from blood filtration and secretion of capillary network in ventricles via choroid plexuses
Term
Brain can only use _____ for ATP production. Brain requires _____.
Definition
glucose; oxygen
Term
Pathway of CSF ** MUST KNOW THIS **
Definition

Chroid plexuses→

lateral ventricles→

inter-ventricular foramina→

third ventricle→

cerebral aqueduct→

fourth ventricle→

subarachnoid space (back of brain) →

posterior spinal cord→

anterior spinal cord→

posterior spinal cord→

anterior brain→

arachnoid villi for reabsorption

Term
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Definition
Facilitate, inhibit / excite post synaptic neurons→ communication between cells
Term
Major neurotransmitters
Definition

Acetylcholine

Dopamine

Serotonin

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Encephalins

Endorphins

Epinephrine / Norepinephrine

Term
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Definition

CNS to visceral effectors

Unconscious control

Maintains internal homeostasis by integration Part of peripheral nervous system

ANS fibers release neurotransmitters at synapses and visceral effectors- neuroeffector junctions of muscles or glands

Term
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
Definition

Regulated by cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata

 

Oppose each other by excitation / inhibition

 

Sympathetic expends energy

Parasympathetic restores / conserves energy

Term
Malformations
Definition

Down’s syndrome (Mongolism)

Spina bifida

Anencephaly

Leukodystrophy (Krabbe’s Disease)

Term
Inflammatory / Degenerative Disease
Definition

Mennigitis: bacterial – E. coli, Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumonia, Neisseria meningitidis / viral

 

Encephalitis: Herpes simplex I, Varicella zoster

 

Rabies

 

Myelitis: “Poliomyelitis” virus

 

Neuritis

 

Cerebral Vascular Accident: “stroke”

Term
Trauma
Definition

Concussion

Contusion

Epidural hematoma

Subdural hematoma

Penetrating injuries

Nerve Pressure

Term
OTHER NEUROPATHOLOGY
Definition

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Senile dementia

Alzheimer’s parkinson’s

Hydrocephalus

Epilepsy

Brain neoplasms

Term
Mental Illness
Definition

Organic mental disorders- drugs, toxins, metabolites

Psychoses and Schizophrenia

Affective disorders- bipolar / unipolar

Anxiety disorders

Personality disorders

Psychophysiologic disorders

Term
Physiological Effects
Definition

Hyperkalemia

Alkalosis

Acidosis

Term
Hyperkalemia
Definition

hyper- high; kalium, potassium; -emia, "in the blood"

 

refers to the condition in which the concentration of the electrolyte potassium (K+) in the blood is elevated. The symptoms of elevated potassium are nonspecific, and the condition is usually discovered on blood tests performed for another reason. Extreme hyperkalemia is a medical emergency due to the risk of potentially fatal abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia).

Term
Alkalosis
Definition
a condition reducing hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood plasma (alkalemia). Generally, alkalosis is said to occur when pH of the blood exceeds 7.45.
Term
Acidosis
Definition
increased acidity in the blood and other body tissue (i.e. an increased hydrogen ion concentration). If not further qualified, it usually refers to acidity of the blood plasma.
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