Term
What are the main functions of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
Control / communicate / detect / and respond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large bundles of axons wrapped in connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
group of cell bodies of a nerve located outside spinal cord |
|
|
Term
Central Nervous System (CNS) |
|
Definition
Brain
Spinal Cord
It is the Control Center of N.S. |
|
|
Term
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
|
Definition
consists of nerves in brain & spinal cord
nerves that connect CNS with receptors, muscles, glands and sense organs |
|
|
Term
Afferent Peripheral System |
|
Definition
Sensory Neurons: neurons that carry impulses TO the CNS |
|
|
Term
Efferent Peripheral System |
|
Definition
Motor Neurons: neurons that carry impulses from the CNS to muscles, glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
voluntary movement- efferent neurons
impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle (external) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involuntary visceral- efferent neurons
impulses from CNS to smooth, gland, cardiac muscle (internal) |
|
|
Term
Sympathetic Autonomic N.S. |
|
Definition
increases organ activity (stress) |
|
|
Term
Parasympathetic Autonomic N.S |
|
Definition
normal organ functions (nonstress) |
|
|
Term
Afferent or Sensory Neurons |
|
Definition
Somatic afferent neurons
Visceral afferent neurons |
|
|
Term
Efferent or Motor Neurons |
|
Definition
Somatic efferent neurons
Visceral efferent neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cells that support and protect
smaller and numerous
tumors: “gliomas” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
star-shaped, support & attach neurons to blood vessels
part of blood-brain barrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
star-shaped, form myelin sheaths around axons in CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small cells, protection
“brain macrophages” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ciliated epithelial cells, help circulate cerebral spinal fluid in brain ventricles and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conduct nerve impulses along cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nucleus and organelles (in or near CNS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
branching cytoplasmic process: conducts impulse from stimulus receptor to cell body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long, thin, cytoplasmic process: conducts impulse from cell body to another neuron or tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sacs that store neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
multilayered, segmented, white, phospholipid covering CNS axons
“white matter”
helps conduct impulses (insulates axon) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
“white matter” Schwann cells (Sheath of Schwann)
Nodes of Ranvier: gaps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gap between terminal end of one neuron and dendrite of next neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secretes neurotransmitter: acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
only terminal end has neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Impulse pathway from receptor (origin) to dendrites (CNS) to responding tissue |
|
|
Term
Functioning units of reflex arc |
|
Definition
Receptor
Sensory Neuron
Center
Motor Neuron
Effector ---> “Reflex” : Spinal / Somatic / Visceral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
internal / external condition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
response to nerve cells to stimuli altering membrane potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
threshold reached-->permeability (Na+) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
restored resting membrane potential
Na+ OUT / K+ IN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Time between depolarization and repolarization, cannot transmit impulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unmeylinated axon bundles, cell bodies, dendrites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell bodies (gray matter) outside the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bundles of fibers inside CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Membrane layers surrounding CNS
inflammation: “meningitis” |
|
|
Term
What are the meninges of the brain, from outer to inner? |
|
Definition
Cranial cavity – cranium (skull)
a. Dura mater- outer layer
b. Dura sinus- venous
c. Dura mater- inner layer
d. Subdural space- serous fluid
e. Arachnoid- middle layer, spider-like
f. Subarachnoid space- Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) – lumbar puncture
g. Pia mater- inner, delicate layer closest to brain / contains blood vessels
h. BRAIN |
|
|
Term
What are the meninges of the spinal cord, from outer to inner? |
|
Definition
Spinal Cavity- vertebra(e)
a. Epidural space- contains adipose tissue, C.T.,and vessels
b. Dura mater
c. Arachnoid
d. Subarachnoid space- CSF: lumbar puncture
e. Pia mater
f. SPINAL CORD |
|
|
Term
Four Principal Parts of the Brain |
|
Definition
Brain Stem
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Cerebrum |
|
|
Term
3 main parts of Brain Stem |
|
Definition
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Midbrain |
|
|
Term
2 main parts of Diencephalon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where is the Cerebellum located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which part of the brain is the largest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The brain stem is a continuation of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Roles of the Medulla oblongata |
|
Definition
vital reflex center
cardiac, rhythmicity, vasomotor center
swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping
cross-over: motor fibers from right cerebral cortex control left side of body
voluntary motor pathway between cord and brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bridge between brain areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
motor and sensory fibers visual reflex center, auditory relay |
|
|
Term
Another name for the Midbrain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
between midbrain & cerebrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 oval bodies
has most sensory & motor afferent neurons
sensations: pain, temp, touch, pressure (not olfactory) |
|
|
Term
Roles of the Hypothalamus |
|
Definition
below thalamus
connects cerebral cortex & lower autonomic center
link between cognitive mind and physiological body (ie. sound, smell, taste)
thirst center, body temp, appetite, waking/ sleeping, emotion- aggression, sex
links nervous system to endocrine system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antidiuretic Hormone-ADH: affects excretion / fluid balance (decreasing urine production)
Oxytocin: uterine contraction (labor) & lactation
Releasing Factors: affects hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Second largest part of the brain
Responsible for:
Fine muscle movement
Subconscious skeletal muscle movement
Coordination
Damage: same side motor dysfunction
Posture, equilibrium, speech, gait
Test: touch nose with eyes closed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Largest part of brain
12 billion neurons
Interprets sensation, controls voluntary motor activities, intellect, reason, memory, language, consciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cerebral cortex- outer, gray matter
Basal ganglia- inner, white matter
Gyri- convolutions
Sulci- shallow grooves
Fissures- deep grooves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located in the longitudinal fissure
cord tissue connecting right / left hemispheres
responsible for brain integration
right & left hemisphere communication |
|
|
Term
CEREBRUM Lobes: Four Main Lobes |
|
Definition
Frontal: motor of opposite side, speech
Parietal: sensory, smell, motor, taste
Occipital: visual
Temporal: auditory, smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sensory: receives and interprets sensory organ data
Motor: voluntary and some involuntary
Association: intellect, learning, recall-memory, language, reasoning
Limbic: a system, action or visceral
Emotions, autonomic, sexual, biological rhythms, pleasures, subconscious motor and sensory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
dominant right hemisphere |
|
Definition
left-handed
music, art, imagination, insight, images |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
right-handed
speech, writing, numbers, scientific, logic |
|
|
Term
SPINAL CORD important facts |
|
Definition
Transmits impulses to and from brain
Located inside spinal cavity / vertebral canal
Internal: gray matter-cell bodies of motor and inter-neurons
External: white mater of myelinated axons and dendrites on interneurons
31 spinal nerve fibers in ascending and descending tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Circulates in subarachnoid space in brain cavities (ventricles) and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First & Second: 2 lateral ventricles
Third: between right & left halves of thalamus and between lateral ventricles
Fourth: inferior to brain stem and cerebellum
Communicates with subarachnoid space of brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID: amount |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID: color |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID: contains |
|
Definition
protein, glucose, salt, urea |
|
|
Term
CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID: primary role |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID: formed |
|
Definition
from blood filtration and secretion of capillary network in ventricles via choroid plexuses |
|
|
Term
Brain can only use _____ for ATP production. Brain requires _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathway of CSF ** MUST KNOW THIS ** |
|
Definition
Chroid plexuses→
lateral ventricles→
inter-ventricular foramina→
third ventricle→
cerebral aqueduct→
fourth ventricle→
subarachnoid space (back of brain) →
posterior spinal cord→
anterior spinal cord→
posterior spinal cord→
anterior brain→
arachnoid villi for reabsorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Facilitate, inhibit / excite post synaptic neurons→ communication between cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Encephalins
Endorphins
Epinephrine / Norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CNS to visceral effectors
Unconscious control
Maintains internal homeostasis by integration Part of peripheral nervous system
ANS fibers release neurotransmitters at synapses and visceral effectors- neuroeffector junctions of muscles or glands |
|
|
Term
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions |
|
Definition
Regulated by cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata
Oppose each other by excitation / inhibition
Sympathetic expends energy
Parasympathetic restores / conserves energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Down’s syndrome (Mongolism)
Spina bifida
Anencephaly
Leukodystrophy (Krabbe’s Disease) |
|
|
Term
Inflammatory / Degenerative Disease |
|
Definition
Mennigitis: bacterial – E. coli, Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumonia, Neisseria meningitidis / viral
Encephalitis: Herpes simplex I, Varicella zoster
Rabies
Myelitis: “Poliomyelitis” virus
Neuritis
Cerebral Vascular Accident: “stroke” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Concussion
Contusion
Epidural hematoma
Subdural hematoma
Penetrating injuries
Nerve Pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Senile dementia
Alzheimer’s parkinson’s
Hydrocephalus
Epilepsy
Brain neoplasms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Organic mental disorders- drugs, toxins, metabolites
Psychoses and Schizophrenia
Affective disorders- bipolar / unipolar
Anxiety disorders
Personality disorders
Psychophysiologic disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hyperkalemia
Alkalosis
Acidosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hyper- high; kalium, potassium; -emia, "in the blood"
refers to the condition in which the concentration of the electrolyte potassium (K+) in the blood is elevated. The symptoms of elevated potassium are nonspecific, and the condition is usually discovered on blood tests performed for another reason. Extreme hyperkalemia is a medical emergency due to the risk of potentially fatal abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a condition reducing hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood plasma (alkalemia). Generally, alkalosis is said to occur when pH of the blood exceeds 7.45. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increased acidity in the blood and other body tissue (i.e. an increased hydrogen ion concentration). If not further qualified, it usually refers to acidity of the blood plasma. |
|
|