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Definition
| protection from diseases found in other species (ex. Avian Flu) |
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Definition
| likeliness of being influenced or harmed by a disease |
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Definition
| small compounds that cannot stimulate an immune response unless linked to a much larger immunogenic molecule (carrier molecule) |
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Definition
| molecules that the immune system recognizes as foreign |
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Definition
| compound that is capable of eliciting an immune response in a host |
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| immune factor that enhances phagocytosi |
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Definition
| glycoprotein molecules that are produced by plasma cells in response to an immunogen which function as antibodies |
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Definition
| restricted portions of a molecule that are involved in the actual binding with the combining site of a particular antibody |
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Definition
| site at the end of the variable chains on immunoglobulin that binds to the antigen |
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Definition
| the process by which the leukocyte engulfs and digests a microbe |
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Definition
| protein produced by the body’s immune system in response to an antigen |
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Term
| Explain the mechanisms involved in innate immunity and how they function in the prevention of infection. |
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Definition
| Innate immunity is a natural or non-specific response. Consists of skin, mucus, secretions, normal flora, and the inflammatory response. Skin in the major line and is impermeable to most organisms. Bacteria cannot survive due to lactic acid and saturated fatty acids. Mucus membranes are a protective barrier and inhibit penetration of bacteria and viruses by competing with surface receptors. Secretions provide washing action to protect epithelial surfaces. Normal flora suppress the growth of pathogenic organisms by competing for nutrients or producing substances inhibitory to pathogens. |
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Term
| Describe the process of inflammation and the cells involved. |
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Definition
| Inflammation is the response to a harmful stimuli and helps bring the immune response to the site, eliminate it, repair the damage, and remove any debris. The first cells to respond to the increased blood supply are the granulocytes. Neutrophils are usually at the site within an hour of infection and are especially predominant in defending against pus-producing bacteria. These cells are responsible for glycolysis, which produces lactic acid as a byproduct, causing pain. Other cells involved are eosinophils, which suppress inflammation and allergic responses, and basophils, whose granules contain histamine. Last to the site, approximately 16-18 hours after infection, are the monocytes/ macrophages. These cells present the antigen to T-cells and phagocytize the pathogen. |
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Term
| Compare the macrophage and microphage and explain their role in the immune response. |
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Definition
| Macrophages and microphages are white blood cells that differ only in where they are located. They are called microphages when they are located in the blood, and macrophages when they travel to the tissues. They play a large role in the phagocytosis of pathogens as well as the presentation of antigens to T-cells during an immune response. |
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Term
| Describe the process of phagocytosis. |
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Definition
1. Initiation- tissue damage, trauma, or microbe
2. Chemotaxis- release of chemical substances that bring cells to the site
3. Engulfment- PRRs bind to PAMPS, or particle is coated with opsonins
4. Digestion- formation of a phagosome, fusion with a lysosome, and digestion by enzymes; neutrophils are also phagocytized |
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Term
| Give two examples of bacteria resistant to phagocytosis. |
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Definition
1. Diplococcus pneumoniae- resistant due to capsule
2. Mycobacterium/ Bruscella and Staph/ Strep- toxin produced |
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Term
| List the factors which have antibacterial properties and describe their role in nonspecific defense. |
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Definition
| Lysozyme- destroy backbone of gram positive and gram negative bacteria Properdin- serum protein without C3 and Mg2+; bactericidal and virilcidal effects Betalysin- released from platelets during coagulation; bactericidal for gram positive except streptococcus |
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Term
| Describe the monocyte and its name as it relates to location in the body. |
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Definition
| Monocytes are macrophages that are in the blood. When they travel to the tissues, they are called macrophages. The function of these cells is phagocytosis and antigen presentation. macrophage locations/ names- liver: Kupfer cells neural: Microglial cells connective tissue: histiocytes bone: osteoclasts kidney: mesanglial cells lungs: alveolar/ dust cells |
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Term
| List the cytokines (innate and specific IR) and describe their role in fighting disease. |
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Definition
Interferon (IFN)- selectively inhibits the synthesis of viral RNA and proteins
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)- trigger death of tumors; in low amounts enhances the function of leukocytes and secretion of chemokines
Interleukins-
IL-1: pro-inflammatory, enhances IR;
IL-6 released in response to IL-1
IL-10: inhibitory effect
IL-12: links macrophage recognition to activate NK cells ; links innate and specific IR
IL-15: supports proliferation of NK cells chemokines: enhance motility and migration of leukocytes
IL-2: stimulates activated T-cells and B-cells to proliferate
IL-4: promotes growth and differentiation of mast cells ;IgE production
IL-5: promotes growth and differentiation of eosinophils
Immune INF- activates macrophages
TNF- kills virally infected/ tumor cells |
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Term
| Explain what is meant by “acute phase proteins.” Give examples. |
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Definition
Acute phase proteins are proteins whose concentrations change with inflammation Ex.)
**C-reactive protein (CRP)- indicator of acute inflammation;
opsonin, activates complement
Serum Amyloid A: transport of cholesterol to liver and induces extracellular matrix degrading enzymes which repair infection- induced tissue damage; adhesion and chemotaxis of phagocytes and lymphocytes
Alpha- 1 Trypsin- acts as “mop up,” counters effects of neutrophil invasion
**Haptoglobin- binds to and removes free hemoglobin that has been released from lysed RBC
**Fibrinogen- most abundant coagulation factor; converted to fibrin which is cross- linked to form clots
Ceruloplasmin- scavenger of free radicals from phagocytosis; iron transport
Alpha- 1 Acid Glycoprotein- elevated in some autoimmune disorders; binds to drugs such as progesterone and lidocaine to keep them inactive |
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Term
| Explain the following and give an example for each: |
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Definition
a. natural passive immunity: body receives antibodies from a natural source; ready-made antibodies; short-lived, no memory ex.) mother to fetus/infant through placenta/ breast
b. artificial passive immunity: short term immunization through transfer of antibodies artificially (injection); short-lived, no memory ex.) injection of specific antibody (IG, RhIG) injection of specific antitoxin (anti-venom)
c. natural active immunity: body produces antibodies in response to an antigen naturally; memory produced ex.) clinical or sub- clinical infection with antigen
d. artificial active immunity: body produces antibodies in response to antigen from an artificial source; memory produced ex.) injection of antigen (vaccine) absorption of bacterial toxin |
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Term
| Define vaccine/ vaccination and give three types of vaccines produced. |
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Definition
Vaccine- a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies; prepared from the causative agent of the disease, its products, or a synthetic substitute; acts as an antigen without inducing the disease
1. Killed Vaccines- previously virulent microorganisms that have been destroyed with chemicals, heat,or antibiotics ex.) pertussis, Polio, cholera, influenza
2. Attenuated Vaccines- weakened or reduced virulence of a pathogen, yet still viable or live; cultivated under conditions to reduce virulent properties and produce a broad immune response ex.) rubella, measles, mumps tuberculosis
3. Toxoid Vaccine- inactivated toxic compounds that cause illness rather than the microorganism ex.) tetanus, diphtheria |
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Term
| Define adjuvant and explain why it is used. Give an example. |
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Definition
| Adjuvant- chemicals that, when mixed with immunogen, enhance the immune response to that immunogen; tend to be chemicals that can stimulate a localized inflammatory response reaction at the site of their injection; increase the size of the immunogen and keep the antigen within the area of inflammation ex.) Freund’s adjuvant- mineral oil and water mixture with dead mycobacterium |
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Term
| List the factors which affect a person’s immunological responsiveness |
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Definition
| Genetic factors: IR genes on MHC region of chromosome 6 Endocrine: hormones (adrenal, sex, thyroid, pineal) Pre-existing disease: diabetes, cancer, uremia Drugs and Medications: antibiotics; endotoxin, tuberculin, zymosan Body temperature Transfusions Age Nutrition Sex Route and dosage of antigen pyschoneuroimmunology- stress |
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Term
| List the factors which affect the immunogenicity of an antigen |
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Definition
1. Foreignness-farther apart phylogenically the better response to the antigen
2. Molecular Size- larger the size, stronger immunogenicity
3. Chemical complexity
4. Susceptibility to recognition, uptake, and degradation by antigen presenting cells
5. Method of introduction of the antigen
6. Presence of chemicals that act as adjuvants |
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Term
| Give the terms which describe the immunological and serological active sites for antigens and antibodies. |
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Definition
| Antigen- binding sites; idiotypic; hypervariable region; Fab region |
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Term
| Define the following terms as they relate to immunoglobulins: |
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Definition
subtype: determined by amino acid differences in constant regions of light chains
isotype: regions that are specific for the heavy chain type of immunoglobulin (involved in class G, A, M, D, E)
idiotype: occur in the variable region of the Fab fragment, related to binding
subclass: difference of amino acid sequence in the H-chain isotypes (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4)
allotype: variability in amino acid sequence of both L and H chain; not common to members of a species; inherited |
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Term
| List the five major classes of immunoglobulins |
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Definition
1. IgM
2. IgG
3. IgA
4. IgE
5. IgD |
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Term
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Definition
a.) concentration: 8-12% in serum; 80% intravascular
b.) half-life: 5 days in bloodstream; 9-11 days other tissues
c.) ability to fix complement: best complement fixing
d.) valence: 10
e.) cross placenta: does not cross placenta
f.) number of subclasses: 1; IgM
g.) structure: pentamer; 5 subunits
h.) where found in body: nearly all found in blood stream |
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Term
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Definition
a.) concentration: highest in concentration of serum; 80%
b.) half-life: 25 days
c.) ability to fix complement: all subclasses activate complement except subclass 4
d.) valence: 2
e.) cross placenta: only Ig that crosses placenta
f.) number of subclasses: 4- 1,2,3,4
g.) structure: monomer
h.) where found in body: tissue fluids and blood; not in external epithelial secretions (sweat) |
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Term
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Definition
a.) concentration: 10-20% in serum
b.) half- life: 6 days
c.) ability to fix complement: does not fix complement but can activate complement by alternative pathway
d.) valence: 2 in serum; 4 in secretory
e.) cross placenta: does not cross placenta
f.) number of subclasses: 2- 1,2
g.) structure: monomer in serum; dimer in secretory
h.) where found in body: secreted fluids |
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Term
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Definition
a.) concentration: least abundant; .004%
b.) half-life: 1-5 days
c.) ability to fix complement: does not fix complement
d.) valence: 2
e.) cross placenta: does not cross placenta
f.) number of subclasses: 1; IgE
g.) structure: similar to IgG; monomer
h.) where found in body: mast cells in skin and respiratory and digestive tracts |
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Term
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Definition
a.) concentration: <.2%
b.) half-life: 2-3 days
c.) ability to fix complement: does not fix complement
d.) valence: 2
e.) cross placenta: does not cross placenta
f.) number of subclasses: 1; IgD
g.) structure: similar to IgG; monomer
h.) where found in body: immunocompetent but unstimulated B cells |
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