polyp and medusa together

colony - few cm to several m long

different types of polyp-medusa combos

nectophores

pneumatophores

Order Siphonophora

Suborder Calycophorae

nectophore present

pneumatophore absent

small size

planktonic

Order Siphonophora

Suborder Cystonectae

nectophore absent

pneumatophore present

Porteguese Man-of-War

near or on surface

Order Siphonophora

Suborder Physonectae

nectophore present

pneumatophore present - tiny, offsets weight

planktonic

true jellyfish

mesoglea - with cells

gastrodermis - with cnidocytes

polyp - solitary to start, shor-lived, transforms to produce medusa buds

medusa - no velum, phopalia present

Class Scyphozoa

Life cycle

planula

scyphistoma

different beased on subgroups

Class Scyphozoa

Order Stauromedusae

medusa

attached to the bottom

bell is drawn out like a trumpet

has 8 finger-shaped lobes

and tons of tiny tentacles on each lobe

planula --> scyphistoma --> adult

cold waters

large medusa

bell with marginal tentacles

4 oral arms

4 gonads - horseshoe shaped rings

ring canal - all the way around, connects radial canals

radial canals - extension of the stomach, radiate out

rhopalia - where the arms of the ephya extended to

tentacles can be long or short

planula --> scyphistoma --> stombili --> ephya --> adult

little football

sea anemone

stack of ephrya - plates - develop from bottom up

very distinct arms like extentions

eventually the arm areas fill in with mesoglea and form adult

rhopalia is where the arms extended to

Class Scyphozoa

Order Semaeostomeae

genus Aurelia

moon jelly

number of species world wide, common

flat, pink-purple

relatively short tentacles

can be a couple cm wide

Class Scyphozoa

Order Semaeostomeae

genus Chrysora

sea nettle

common in bays, especially summer time

red blotches on bell

thin tentacles

potent sting

Class Scyphozoa

Order Semaeostomeae

Genus Drymonema

pink meanie

looks like a lion's main

one huge mass of tentacles

pink color

tentacles can be 10-12 feet long 

foot across

nasty stinger

Class Scyphozoa

Order Rhizostomeae

large medusa

bell without marginal tentacles

manubrium with many folds

planula --> scyphistoma --> strombila --> ephyra --> adult

common in warmer waters

cannon ball jelly

bell is well defined

one of the most numerous in the gulf

mushroom jelly

washes up at the time

manubrium area is very large and has a bunch of finger-like projections

can be fairly large

Australian something

looks like Rhopilema

but is an exotic invasive 

up-side-down jelly

awesome sauce

contains zooxanthellae

suns during the day, feeding zooxanthellae

swims around at night

somewhat rare

small medusa

has coronal groove - belt around jelly, can be anywhere on bell

pedalia - extensions under the coronal groove

planula --> scphystoma --> strombila --> ephyra --> adult

all oceans, common in mesopelagic

Linuche - thimble jelly

sea turtles eat them

Class Cubozoa

Order Cubomedusae

box jellies

mesoglea - has cells

gastrodermis - with cnidocytes

polyp - only scyphistoma --> one medusa

has shelf called velarium

box shaped

tentacles come off the pedalia - can range in number and length

rhopalia, eyes with lens

bell size can be several cm

high density of nematocysts

Class Cubozoa 

Order Cubomedusae

Chironex fleckeri

Australian Box Jelly

deadliest - less than 5 minutes

very large

very small

found in gulf

off shore in the plankton 

potent but not deadly

larger

will put you in the hospital

don't occur in large numbers

can occur in shallow waters

mesoglea - with cells

gastrodermis - with cnidocytes

polyp - solitary or colonial

internal septa

no medusa

planula --> polyp

all oceans, benthic

Class Anthozoa

Subclass Octocorallia

colonial

eight pinnate tentacles

eight septa

one siphonoglyph

very common in coral reefs

huge diversity

blue corals

massive CaCO₃

not a true coral

skeleton with small holes

polyps stick out

pacific reefs and 1 in caribbean

sea pens

one large primary polyp

many small secondary polyps

sand/mud habitat - mud anchor

CaCO₃ spicules

may fuse to form axial rod 

soft corals

polyps form branching colony

has basal stolon

small CaCO3 spiculess

habitat - attached to something

1 type of polyp

very common on reefs

large colonies, can be up to several m per species

some with axial rods - gorgonin (sea whips and sea fans)

colony shape indicative of genus

solitary or colonial

6 fold symmetry - multiples of 6

septa may be paired or not

non-pinnate tentacles 

tube anemones

solitary

column much larger tha ndiameter

tentacles in double whorl - outer long and thin, inner short around mouth

septa - unpaired

siphonoglyph - 1

hydroskeleton

build tubes of mucous, sand, ptychocysts

habitat - sand and mud

black corals

colonial

several cm-m

branched or wire (coils)

tenacles - 6, single whorl

appearance looks like barbed wire

septa is unpaired

siphonoglpyh - 1

support - axial rod, small spines

attached to reef, depth of 20-150m

polyps can't pull into skeleton

sea anemones

oral disc, column, pedal disc

solitary

mm-cm

tentacles - single whorl

septa - paired

siphonoglyph - 2

hydroskeleton

attached or in sand

clones - usually come off base of the body

crawl or swim

mat anemones

colonial - thin mat

tentacles - single whorls

septa - paired

siphonoglyph - 1

hydroskeleton

habitat - sand, hard substrate, epizoic

cover large areas of dead coral reefs

coral polpys without a hard skeleton

colonial or solitary

tentacles - multiple whorls of capitate tentacles

septa - paired

siphonoglyph - none

hydroskeleton

attached to hard substrate 

hard corals

body form - colonial - small to large

few solitary - cm to several cm

tentacles - single whorl

septa - paired

siphonoglyph - none

CaCO3 skeleton - polyps are hydroskeleton inside

theca - each polyp lives inside little depression

internal structure is called sclerosepta

most attach to hard substrate

symbiotic with zooxanthellae

Coral Reef Ecology

Hermatypic

reef

mostly coloial

zooxanthellae

shallow waters

non-reef

mostly solitary or small colonies

deep

no zooxanthellae

phenotypic plasticity

coral wars

Indo-Pacific center of diversity

mass spawning

most diverse underwater habitat

clearly visable from space

fringing reef

belize has barrier reef

well away from shore

very small islands with reefs all around

center of diversity

lots of different types of reef formations

until recently this area was in very good shape

near shore

near surface

may have bank (deeper water) or patch (small bits) reefs near by

usually found near islands

circular reef

most on volcanic base

central lagoon

may have small islands

in the pacific they are 10-100m corals deep

Darwin guessed on cause - he was right

in belize it's the Blue Hole atoll - it's a sink hole

distant from shore - several km or more

near surface

may have bank or patch reefs nearby

may break the surface

very large lagoon

beach

lagoon - grass and patch reefs

back reef - lot of rubble with small colonies

reef crest - can go dry at low tide, narrow

forereef - main part, spur/groove or buttress/cannon

sand channel - end of reef

bank reef - corals flatten out, low relief

deep reef - sponges and black coral, plate forms

wall - 3km, vertical, sponge zone

bleaching

disease

sedimentation and eutrophication

cyanide fishing

dynamite fishing

anchor damage

over use

Phylum Ctenophora

Body plan

diplo-triplo blastic

biradial symmetry

mesoglea with cells

have different types of muscles

few cm in size 

Phylum Ctenophora

habitat

mostly planktonic

1 order is benthic

Phylum Ctenophora

Digestion

complete

carnivores

movement to caputre food - 8 ctens

some tentacles - no neumatocysts, but sticky

Phylum Ctenophora

Circulation

Excretion

Respiration

none

diffusion

diffusion

Phylum Ctenophora

Reproduction

monoecious

cydippid larva - pea sphaped ctenaphore

slight metamorphous

Phylum Ctenophora

nervous

nerve net

statocyst

Phylum Ctenophora

ecology

predators in plankton

bioluminescence

photocytes in digestive tract

exotic introduction in Eurpoe

Phylum Ctenophora

Class Tentaculata

tentacles

sticky cells are colloblasts

looke like large, fully functional cydippid larvae

2 long tentacles - branched

have pouches

small

planktonic

classic football shaped body

have accessory lobes on either side of main body

have 2 tentacles, relatively short

no pouches

planktonic

flat, irregular shape

benthic

short tentacles

pouches

have combs but use them to crawl

no tentacles

large swimming mouths

when not eating, mouth is collapsed

may eat other ctenaphores

bilateral symmetry

starting to be used as taxonomic group about phylum

morror images 1 division of body

triploblastic - endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

cephalization - head end

internal complexity increases

chemoreception - all aquatic species have

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Class Turbellaria

body plan

acoelomate - no body cavity, parenchyma cells

flat

few mm-cm

multiciliated epidermis - cells

rhabdite glands - secrete mucus

longitudinal and circular muscles

many different color patterns

benthic

often interstitial

incomplete

pharynx - opens on middle of the body

degree of folding in pharynx is taxonomic

can protrude out of body

gut - branching patterns taxonomic, branched

mouth in middle of the body

carnivores

circ - none

excretion - protonephridia, diffusion

resp - diffusion

monecious

direct or mueller's larva (little fat teddy bear)

ladder

ganglia

nerve net

statocyst

ocelli

minor part of food web

regeneration

Phylum Gnathostomula

body plan

300um-3mm

acoelomate

elongate body

monociliated epidermal cells

long and circ muscles

spines at head end of body

interstitial

mud - anaerobic

mouth

pharynx

jaws

blind guy

feed on bacteria

circ - none

excret - diffusion

respir - diffusion

monoecious

direct

nerve net

ciliary pits - chemo reception, head end

bristles - mechanoreceptors

anoxic conditions

not super important

Phylum Nemertea

body plan

ribbon worms

long and flat

mm-30m long

elongated

unsegmented

long and circ muscles 

rhynocheol and proboscis

complete

carnivores

closed vessels

no heart

some indications that there is a modified celium, but still has this function

excret - protonephridia

resp - diffusion

dioecious

direct or pilidium larva (football helmet)

fragmented regrowth

fairly well developed

ganglia at front end of body

2-3 nerve chords

ocelli

cephalic pits - chemisensitized

predators

regeneration

unarmored proboscis

mouth and rhynchocoel seperate

mouth posterior to ganglia

armored (spikes) or unarmored proboscis

mourth and rhynchocoel share common opening

diverge once you get inside, so they are seperate structures on teh inside

mouth anterior to ganglia

Phylum Nematoda

body plan

round worms

few mm

long, no circ muscles

thick cuticle - very stiff

coelom

look like clear little slivers

benthic

interstitial

complete

all feeding types

buccal cavity

circ - none

excret - glands or tubules

respir - diffusion

dioecious

direct

very well developed

ganglia - head end

4 nerve cords - 4 compass points around body

orelli

pallioe

setae

amphids - head end, chemosensors

phasmids - tail end, chemosensors

very abundant all over the world

one of the most abundant macroscopic

decomp cycle

biomedical

has constant number of cells

first complete genome sequence

first to have been tracked from beginning of nervous system

genetics - aging

phylum Gastrotricha

body plan

500um - mm

circ and long muscles

ciliated epidermis

thick cuticle

small hooks

complete

detritus and bacteria

circ - none

excret - protonephridia

resp - diffusion

monecious

direct

some have parthenogenesis (eggs develop without fertilization)

ganglia

2 chords

ocelli

bristles

pits - chemo

Phylum Priapula

body plan

introvert - head of body, scalids (spikes), retractile

trunk - body

caudal appendage - looks like tentacles

1 mm-few cm

circ and long muscles

thin cuticle

mud

cooler waters

complete

carnivores

detritovores

don't switch between the two

circ - none

resp - diffusion, coelomocytes with hemerythrin

cells have blood pigment in them, hemerythrin turns purple when oxidized

dioecious

direct

ganglia - donut around gut

nerve chord

paplliae

introvert

neck - has scalids

trunk - 11 segments

100um-1mm

circ, long, diagonal muscles

hab - interstitial

digest - complete, bacteria

circul - absent

excret - protonephridia

resp - diffusion

repro - dioecious, direct

nervous - ganglia, several nerve chords, ocelli, bristles

Phylum Loricifera

body plan

introvert - with scalids

neck

lorica - set of thickened plated that cover most the body

100-500um

9 whorls of scalids

circ and long muscles

6 plates to lorica

hab - attached to shell hash

digest - complete, bacteria

circ - none

excret - protonephridia

resp - diffusion

repro - dioecious, Higgins Larva (lorica 2 massive feet)

nerv - ganglia, chord, bristles

ecol - who knows