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Definition
| the rubbing, grinding, and bumping of rocks that cause physical weathering |
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Definition
| a substance that geologists use to identify rocks that contain calcite |
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Definition
| rain a form of precipitation containing acid, which forms when carbon dioxide gas in the air dissolves in water droplets; a form of chemical weathering |
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Definition
| a mass of rock particles, such as pebbles, gravel, and sand |
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Definition
| fan a fan-shaped deposit of rocks formed where a stream flows from a steep slope onto flatter land |
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Definition
| a dark rock formed from cooling lava |
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Definition
| an ore that has aluminum in it |
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Definition
| a gem mineral that is identified with a month of the year |
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Definition
| to smash or split into pieces |
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Definition
| a common rock-forming mineral in Earth’s crust |
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Definition
| a V-shaped gorge with steep sides eroded by a stream |
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Definition
| a fine gray powder made from limestone; component of concrete |
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Definition
| reaction a process in which two or more materials mix in a way that forms new materials |
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Definition
| weathering the process by which the minerals in a rock can change due to chemicals in water and air. Chemical weathering can cause rocks to break apart. |
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Definition
| the smallest category of rock pieces; component of soil |
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Definition
| the flat surfaces of freshly broken minerals |
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Definition
| a mixture of gravel, sand, cement, and water |
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Term
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Definition
| a rock composed of smaller pieces like clay, silt, sand, gravel, and pebbles |
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Definition
| the center of Earth, made mostly of iron and nickel |
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Term
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Definition
| Earth’s outer layer of solid rock |
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Definition
| when dead plants or animals break down into small pieces |
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Term
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Definition
| a fan-shaped deposit of earth materials at the mouth of a stream |
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Term
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Definition
| the settling of sediments |
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Term
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Definition
| when a material mixes uniformly into another |
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Term
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Definition
| material any natural resource that makes up Earth, including soil and water |
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Definition
| a sudden movement of Earth’s crust along a fault |
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Term
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Definition
| the carrying away of weathered earth materials by water, wind, or ice |
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Definition
| when the volume of a substance increases or gets bigger |
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Term
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Definition
| a break in Earth’s crust along which blocks of rock move past each other |
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Term
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Definition
| a common rock-forming mineral in Earth’s crust |
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Definition
| a large amount of water flowing over land that is usually dry |
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| land covered by water during a flood. Small particles, like sand and silt, are deposited on a floodplain |
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Term
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Definition
| a mineral that comes in a variety of colors, can be scratched with a paper clip, and glows under an ultraviolet light source |
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Definition
| any remains, trace, or imprint of animal or plant life preserved in Earth’s crust |
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Term
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Definition
| fuel plants and animals that became buried under sediments millions of years ago, then slowly transformed into deposits of carbon-rich substances, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas |
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Term
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Definition
| the uneven, rounded, or splintered surfaces of some minerals when they break |
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Term
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Definition
| to become hard or stiffened due to loss of heat |
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Term
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Definition
| an ore mineral for lead and silver that has a metallic luster and is heavy for its size |
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Term
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Definition
| a hard mineral that can be cut into beautiful shapes |
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Term
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Definition
| a scientist who studies Earth, its materials, and its history |
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Term
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Definition
| a scientist who studies the use, distribution, and conservation of Earth’s natural resources |
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Term
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Definition
| power alternative energy source that comes from the internal heat of the earth |
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Definition
| a large mass of ice moving slowly over land |
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Term
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Definition
| a valuable dense metal that is found in ore and nuggets |
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Term
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Definition
| an igneous rock that forms inside Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| rocks that are smaller than pebbles but bigger than sand; component of soil |
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Term
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Definition
| a mineral that forms rosettes or fibers, can be scratched with a fingernail, and is used to make plaster |
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Definition
| a property of minerals determined by resistance to scratching |
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Term
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Definition
| an iron ore mineral that has a metallic luster and leaves a reddish-brown streak |
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Term
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Definition
| a mineral that is a component of granite that has long crystals with parallel sides |
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Definition
| rock a rock that forms when melted rock |
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Definition
| a feature of the land, such as a mountain, canyon, or beach |
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Term
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Definition
| the sudden movement of earth materials down a slope |
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Term
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Definition
| melted rock erupting onto Earth’s surface, usually from a volcano |
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Term
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Definition
| a sedimentary rock made mostly of calcite |
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Term
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Definition
| a description of the way light reflects off the surface of a mineral |
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Term
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Definition
| melted rock below Earth’s surface |
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Definition
| a property of minerals that are attracted to magnets |
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Term
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Definition
| a property of certain kinds of materials that causes them to attract iron or steel |
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Term
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Definition
| a mineral that contains iron and sticks to magnets |
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Term
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Definition
| the solid rock material between Earth’s core and crust |
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Term
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Definition
| a metamorphic rock formed when limestone is subjected to heat and pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| a curve or loop in a river or stream |
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Term
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Definition
| describing the luster of a mineral that shines like metal |
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Term
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Definition
| rock a rock that forms when rocks and minerals are subjected to heat and pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| a mineral that pulls apart in thin, flexible sheets and is one of the components of granite |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a representation of the features and actions of a natural system or process |
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Term
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Definition
| scale a numerical scale used by geologists to rank minerals according to their hardness, with 10 being the hardest mineral |
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Term
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Definition
| a high, steeply sloped area where rock is uplifted along a fault or created by a volcano |
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Term
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Definition
| resource a material such as soil or water that comes from the natural environment |
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Term
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Definition
| describing the luster of a mineral that does not shine like a metal |
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Term
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Definition
| resource a resource that is not replenished because it takes extended geological periods to form, such as rocks, minerals, and fossil fuels |
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Term
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Definition
| something that living things need to grow and stay healthy |
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Term
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Definition
| describing matter that does not let light shine through it |
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Term
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Definition
| a rock or mineral that has a valuable substance in it, such as gold |
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Term
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Definition
| mineral a mineral from which a valuable material, usually a metal, is extracted |
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Term
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Definition
| a very small piece or part |
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Term
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Definition
| the largest category of rock pieces; component of soil |
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Term
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Definition
| weathering the process by which rocks are broken down by breaking and banging |
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Term
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Definition
| something that you can observe about an object or a material. Size, color, shape, texture, and smell are properties. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of rock that forms when lava erupts from volcanoes |
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Term
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Definition
| a yellow mineral with a metallic luster; also known as fool’s gold |
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Term
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Definition
| a common mineral in igneous rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| to act or change in response to something |
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Term
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Definition
| resource a resource that is naturally replenished continuously and quickly, such as sunlight, water, and air |
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Term
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Definition
| to hold or continue to hold |
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Term
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Definition
| channel a river that flows deeper in the center and moves along a confined path |
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Term
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Definition
| mouth the area of a river where it flows into sea or lake |
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Term
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Definition
| a solid earth material made of two or more minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| cycle the processes by which rocks change into different kinds of rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| rocks that are smaller than gravel, but bigger than silt; component of soil |
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Term
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Definition
| a sedimentary rock made of sand particles stuck together |
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Term
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Definition
| test method used to find out how hard a mineral is compared to other minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| pieces of weathered rock such as sand, deposited by wind, water, and ice |
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Term
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Definition
| rock a rock that forms when layers of sediments get stuck together |
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Term
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Definition
| rocks that are smaller than sand, but bigger than clay |
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Term
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Definition
| the angle of the land over which water flows |
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Term
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Definition
| a mix of humus, sand, silt, clay, gravel, and/or pebbles |
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Term
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Definition
| energy an alternative energy source from the sun that drives the water cycle and produces wind, ocean waves, and flowing water in rivers and streams |
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Term
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Definition
| the mark left when a mineral sample is rubbed on a tile |
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Term
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Definition
| to move or carry from one place to another |
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Term
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Definition
| a low area between mountains where a stream or glacier flows. Stream valleys are V-shaped. Glacier valleys are often U-shaped |
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Term
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Definition
| an opening in Earth’s crust where lava, cinders, ash, and gases come to the surface |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which larger rocks crack and break apart over time to form smaller rocks |
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Definition
| power an alternative energy source that uses the power of the wind |
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