Term
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Definition
Sensation and Perception
Germany 1879 |
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Definition
Structuralism (Break it Down)
Unis of experience
late 1800s |
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Definition
Functionalism (general rational for processes)
late 1800s |
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Definition
Behaviorism: everything is in behavior
Free association
Filter
Unconscious |
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Definition
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Definition
we are a product of re-enforcement
1990
Skinner box |
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Definition
free will
Humanism
everyone is good |
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Definition
Behavior
Don't manipulate variables
Case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation of behavior |
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Definition
| Manipulate Independent and Dependent Variables |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of the neural mechanisms underlying cognition |
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Term
| Temporal v Spatial Resolution |
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Definition
Temporal: time
Spatial: place |
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Term
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Definition
deficits and damage
TMS: Trans-cranial Magnetic Stimulation
Temporary "lesion" (disruption) |
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Term
| Neurophysiology (EEG and ERP) |
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Definition
EEG: record activity of underlying brain tissue (continuous Recording)
ERP: event related activity (electrodes on head) |
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Term
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Definition
MRI: structure. anatomy
fMRI: function (changes in blood flow, O2 changes, Good spatial res, poor temporal res) |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple genes working towards on trait |
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Term
| Old Genetics v New Genetics |
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Definition
Old: extra damaged or missing chromosome
New: predispositions- alcoholism, sexual orientation, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
evolution of brain and behavior
natural selection, mating behavior, etc
Criticism: untestable, alternative explanations |
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Definition
| relative power and limits of genetics and environmental influences |
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Term
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Definition
Dualist: mind and brain combine
Monist: brain is the only thing that matters |
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Term
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Definition
1. Sensation
2. Perceptual Organization: making sense of the inputs
3. Identification: I see it
4. Recognition: I know what it is |
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Term
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Definition
a change of one type of information to another
Ex: wavelength to neurosignal |
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Term
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Definition
Distortion of the senses, reveals how brain organizes and interprets stimulation
Instances when the world and the presentations that ensue are at odds |
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Term
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Definition
"the world is exactly as it appears" (things are perceived directly)
1. One to one relationship between physical and mental
2. Physically different things bust always be perceived as different
3. Physically identical things must always e perceived as identical
[[Naive Realism is wrong]] |
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Term
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Visible Light |
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Definition
Gamma Ray (short)to Radio Waves (long)
Visible light: 400-750 nm |
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Term
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Definition
Measured energy (heat) outside visible spectrum (thermometers still heat up out of light)
(1800s) |
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Term
| Crystalline Lens and Accommodation |
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Definition
| the muscles attached to the lens allows change of shape and hence the refractive power of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
"Old Eye"
caused by the lens hardening with age |
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Term
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Definition
| Clouding of the lens which results in blurred vision and less light entering the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Nearsightedness- Images focus in front of eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Farsightedness- Images focus behind the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Uneven curvature (non-spherical) of the cornea |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
100 mil/eye
More sensitive to light
Scotopic/Night vision |
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Term
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Definition
5 mil/eye
Photopic/day/color vision |
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Term
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Definition
| when too much light is let in, rods saturate and turn white |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
home of cones, no rods
0 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
No cones or rods
12-15 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
Eyes
LGN
Striate cortex
V1
extrastriate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| area of visual field to which a particular neuron responds |
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Term
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Definition
| vibration transmitted through a solid, liquid or gas, composed of frequencies within the range of hearing |
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Term
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Definition
sound with energy at a single frequency
(ex: tuning fork) |
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Term
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Definition
| sounds with energy at multiple frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
| magnitude of change in a wave |
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Term
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Definition
| time for one completion of a wave |
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Term
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Definition
| number of cycles/second (Hertz) |
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Term
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Definition
Outer Ear- collects sound and amplifies it
gives some directional information |
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Term
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Definition
| transforms sound waves into vibrations |
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Term
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Definition
transmits sounds from air to cochlea
Malleus/hammer
Incus/anvil
Stapes/stirrups |
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Term
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Definition
sensory system in the brain related to touch
located in the postcentral gyrus in perietal lobe
Somatotopic Mapping |
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Term
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Definition
Haptic (touch) system that interfaces a machine with a human
Ex: Vibrating game controller |
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Term
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Definition
Taste/Gustatory
Smell/Olfactory
Require contact between molecules and a receptor
"Gate Keeper senses"
High level of dependence (taste is crude, rely on smell)
Proximal senses (only can detect near by things
Warning system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
25% of Americans
more intense
often cant eat bitter foods |
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Term
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Definition
| Salty, Sweet, Sour, Bitter, Umami (savory) |
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Term
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Definition
Filiform (entire surface, no taste buds)
Fungiform (bumps on tongue)
Foliate (taste buds, on fungiform)
Circumvallate (bumps on back of tongue) |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical substance capable of eliciting a response |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensation from processing oderant |
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Term
Odor Threshold
Recognition Threshold |
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Definition
Odor:Minimum concentration for detection
Recognition: Minimum concentration for identification
Oder threshold lower than recognition |
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Term
| Olfactory Sensory Neurons |
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Definition
traducers for smell
in Olfactory Mucosa
20 million OSNs in humans |
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Term
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Definition
Menstrual Synchrony (1970s)
phermones can accelerate or delay onset of menstration |
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Term
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Definition
no smell but is processed by Olfactory
affects physiology and behavior (mood, sex, etc) |
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Term
| Preferential Looking technique |
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Definition
| present two stimuli, if the child has a preference they can discriminate |
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Term
| Constrast Sensitivity Function |
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Definition
Contrast threshold (visible to invisible)
measure with preferential looking |
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Term
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Definition
dis-habituates: child can discriminate
Continued habituation: cant perceive the difference |
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Term
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Definition
| Stereopsis develops 3-4mo |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Neurological process that organizes sensations from ones own body and the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of the human brain to change as a result of one's experience |
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Term
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Definition
what drives/moves/inspires us
emotional/need based rewards
Cognitive rewards (lymbic) |
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Term
| James Olds and Peter Milner |
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Definition
1954
Reward and fear pathway
electrodes in 15 male rats
skinner box
ignored hunger and thirst to press lever and continue stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Thermostat for Regulatory Behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| connects mesencephelon with Prefrontal Cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Connects mesencephelon with Limbic System |
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Term
| Reward Pathway (High and Low) |
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Definition
Higher Pathway: want
Lower Pathway: need |
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Term
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Definition
| Mid brain, connected to prefrontal cortex and limbic system with reward pathways |
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Term
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Definition
| Begining of reward pathways, in Mesencephalon |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter with many functions. Reward |
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Term
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Definition
| Limbic+Cortex -> hypothalimus -> motivation |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical that intentially changes the neuro physiology of brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Dysphoria, anhedonia, bored, i feel negative, normal range, i feel good, interested, pleasure, euphoria |
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Term
| Agonist and Antagonist Drugs |
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Definition
Agonist enhances the function of synapsis
Antagonist blocks function of synapsis |
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Term
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Definition
sensation that amputated limb is still there
Tactile confusion
Mirror Box |
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Term
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Definition
| Crude but accurate visual judgment despite blindnes |
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Term
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Definition
| usually results from brain damage that causes and individual to to ignore a region of visual feild |
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Term
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Definition
| person believes familiar individuals are imposters |
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Term
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Definition
research on flow
pager in front of class, when buzz what thoughts now
teacher teaching about Khan
0/27 thinking about khan
2 w/ related thoughts: Chinese food and stereotypes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Transformed, Reduced, Elaborated, Stored, Recovered and Used |
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Definition
Transformed: Physical Energy -> Neural Activity
Reduced: Simplified (parts lost)
Elaborated: Connected to other info
Stored: Keep info for later
Recovered: Get info later
Used: all of the above has a role |
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Term
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Definition
| complex, cant recognize upsideown |
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Term
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Definition
Elaboration
Spacing
Testing |
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Term
| Template Matching Recognition Theory |
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Definition
compare stimulus with templates from our memory
doesn't account for flexibility of human perception or obstructed objects |
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Term
| Feature Analysis Recognition Theory |
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Definition
recognize by identifying its components (distinctive features)
doesn't account for orientation, relationships between features or complex objects |
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Term
| Recognition by Components |
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Definition
modern theory
Biederman
geometrical ions or geons
explains complex objects,
sensitive to angles and line intersections
problem: fine distinctions |
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Term
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Definition
| Recognition by Components theory |
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Term
| Top-Down v Bottom-Up Processing |
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Definition
Top-Down: general guidelines from knowledge (begin fine, end general)
Bottom-Up: guided by raw sensation (begin general, end fine) |
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Term
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Definition
2006
view of exray experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| more likely to recognize letters in a word, not random letters |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to detect changes in an object or scene |
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Term
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Definition
1997 person asks for directions, people with door walk by, change people
50% didn't notice change |
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Term
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Definition
different from object regonition
fusiform gyrus |
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Term
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Definition
inability to recognize faces
caused by damage to fusiform gyrus |
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Term
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Definition
1956
person in accedent couldn't recognize himself, or his wife and kids. could discriminate with a couple people with unique features |
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Term
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Definition
1970
neurologist
"the man who mistook his wife for a hat" |
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Term
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Definition
not a unitary function, not a single entity
Related to selection
limited capacity
facilitation and inhibition |
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Term
| Wickens and Stages of Information Processing |
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Definition
1992
1. sensory processing
2. perception
3. decision and response selection
4. response exicution
5. memory
6. attention |
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Term
William James
Geoff Underwood
Hal Pashler |
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Definition
WJ 1890 "everybody knows what attention is"
GU 1993 "WJ is was wrong"
HP 1998 "Nobody knows what attention is" |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to focus on one piece of information and ignore all others |
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Term
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Definition
Cherry 1953
ability to block out all outside stimuli to focus on specific information
(conversation in loud party) |
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Term
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Definition
1935
Color word experiment
(say color, not word) |
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Term
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Definition
1958
Filter Theory: early filter
Attended information: sensory store -> filter -> pattern recognition -> short term memory
Unattended info -> sensory store -> filter (Stop) |
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Term
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Definition
| unattended info -> sensory store -> pattern recognition short term memory |
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Term
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Definition
1995
complex: early selection
simple: late selection |
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Term
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Definition
1963
search time increases linearly with "distance" of letter from start
rate of search faster when less features shared |
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Term
Visual Search
Serial and Parallel |
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Definition
Serial Search: one item at a time
Parallel Search: everything at once |
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Term
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Definition
| Feature Intigration Theory |
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Term
| Feature Integration Theory |
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Definition
individual features processed pre attention
combine features |
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Term
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Definition
| target item and distractors |
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Term
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Definition
1977
Automatic Processing
Lack of encoding and memory doesn't make it automatic |
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Term
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Definition
1997
driving on the phone experiment
hands-free no safer than hand held |
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Term
| Brown, Tichner, and Simmonds |
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Definition
1967
driving performance with concurrent logic reasoning tasks
no effect on speed or steering
impaired judgement on gaps |
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Term
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Definition
2001
cell phone distraction
radio not bad
conversations with passenger modulated by driving difficulty |
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Term
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Definition
eye tracking with driving
studied by Goldarecena and Gonzalez 2003 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
studied by Wilson and Wearing
1995 |
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Term
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Definition
Declarative: Fact
Non-Declarative: Procedure |
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Term
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Definition
Atkin and Shiffrin 1968
imput to sensory memory to short term memory to output or rehearse or long term. long term feeds back to short term |
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Term
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Definition
Iconic: Visual
Echoic: Audio |
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Term
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Definition
| Temporary memory, few minutes or seconds |
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Term
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Definition
Milner 1956
limit: 7 +/- 2
put letters/numbers into small chunks for memory |
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Term
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Definition
Baddely 1986, 1990
Phonological store <-> central executive <-> Visio-spatial store |
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Term
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Definition
anything stored longer than a few seconds/minutes
no limit to capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| remember 1st and last in free recall |
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Term
Audobiographical Memory
Semantic v Episodic |
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Definition
memories of ourselves and our relations with the world around us
Semantic: remember name of school
Episodic: remember things that happened in school |
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Term
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Definition
Brown and Kulick 1977
memory of surprising and personal events, very vivid and permanent (ex: 9/11) |
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Term
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Definition
Image Memory experiment
learn two items together, later shown one object, must remember other |
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Term
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Definition
really good in one area
less than 100 on earth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ignore 1/2 of visual feild |
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