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| The branch of science concerned with the study of fungi. |
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| an organism that absorbs nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpse, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms and converts then to inorganic forms; a detritivore. |
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| the densely branched network of hyphae in a fungus |
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| one of many connected filaments that collectively make up the mycelium of a fungus |
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| - In the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternation of generations, a haploid cell produced in the sporocyte by meiosis. A spore can divide by mitosis to develop into a multicellular haploid individual, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell. In fungi, a haploid cell, produced either sexually or asexually, that produces a mycelium after germination. |
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| the cytoplasmic union of two fungal hyphae |
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| stage in which hyphae have two or more distinct haploid nuclei |
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| fusion of two haploid nuclei |
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| a mutualistic association betwee a fungus and a photosynthetic alga or cyanobacterium |
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| organisms used to monitor the health of an environment |
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| a mutualistic association of plant roots and fungus |
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| the use of organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems |
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| an organism that is capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy |
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| any organism that is capable of oxygenic photosynthesis that are not land plants |
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| any free floating small aquatic organism |
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| a protiest with membrane bound sacs located just under the plasma membrane |
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| An algal bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in an aquatic system. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments, a population explosion of harmful microorganisms caused by excessive nutrient concentrations; also called a red tide |
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| a seaweed body that is plantlike, consisting of a holdfast, stipe, and blades, yes lacks true roots, stems and leaves. |
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| a leaf-like structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis or the flattened portion of a typical leaf. |
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| a stem-like structure of a seaweed |
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| a root-like structure that anchors seaweed |
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| a cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding |
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| the bottom surface of an aquatic environment |
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| Occurs when a coral becomes stressed and the algae on which it depends for food and color die out, leaving an underlying white or bleached skeleton of calcium carbonate. This is caused by increased water temperature and runoff of silt from the land. |
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| a type of polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of modified sugar cross-linked by short polypeptides. |
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| a staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls; may be used to help determine medical response to an infection |
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| - a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; in DNA cloning, used as vectors carrying up to about 10,000 base pairs of DNA. Plasmids are also found in some eukaryotes, such as yeasts. |
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| a method of asexual reproduction by "division in half" In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process. |
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| the transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms. |
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| in bacteria, the DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient. The F factor may exist as a plasmid or be integrated into the bacterial chromosome. |
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| a bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics. |
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| the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. Biological nitrogen fixation is carried out by certain prokaryotes, some of which have mutualistic relationship with plants. |
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| a specialized cell that engages in nitrogen fixation in some filamentous cyanobacteria; also called a heterocyte. |
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| a surface - coating of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation. |
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| an organism that produces methane as a waste product of the way it obtains energy. All known methanogens are in domain Archaea |
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| Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis |
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| an ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact. |
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| a symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit. |
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| a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed. |
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| a symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of another, the host, by living either within of on the host. |
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| a scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life. |
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| a taxonomic group that is a division of a species |
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| the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species. |
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| a branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. |
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| a point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached |
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| a group of species that include an ancestral species and all of its descendants. |
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| pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. A monophyletic taxon is equivalent to a clade. |
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| pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all of its descendants. |
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| pertaining to a group of taxa derived from two or more different ancestors |
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| structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry |
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| have characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait |
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| states that, given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events |
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| In scientific studies, the search for the least complex explanation for an observed phenomenon. |
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| an abiotic precursor of a living cell that had a membrane - like structure and that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of its surroundings |
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| an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, such as an intron that catalyzes its own removal during RNA splicing |
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| The idea that RNA not DNA were the first genetic material |
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| a preserved remnant of impression of an organism that lived in the past. |
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| a method for determining the absolute age of rocks and fossils, based on the half- life of radioactive isotopes |
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| Movement in the mantle cause the plates to move over time |
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| the supercontinent that formed near the end of the Paleozoic era when plate movements brought all the landmasses of earth together. |
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| the formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another. |
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| the elimination of a large number of species thought-out earths, the result of global environment changes. |
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| period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptation's allow then to fill different ecological roles in this communities. |
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| the theory that the continents are part of great plates of earth's crusts that float on the hot underlying portion of the mantle movements in the mantle cause the continents to move slowly over time |
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| layered rock that results from the activities of prokaryotes that bind thin films of sediment together |
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| the theory that mitochondria and plastids including chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell the engulfed cell and it's host cell then evolved into a single organism. |
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| a relatively brief time in geologic history when many present - day phyla of animals first appeared in the fossil record. This burst of evolutionary change occurred about 535-525 million ears ago and saw the emergence of the first large hard-bodied animals. |
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| a vascular plant that bears naked seeds - seeds not enclosed in protective chambers |
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| a flowering plant which forms seed inside a protective chamber called an ovary |
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| a structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte |
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| in a seed plant a structure consisting of the male gametophyte conclosed withing a pollen wall |
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| all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them |
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| a function performed by an ecosystem that directly or indirectly benefits humans |
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| in organisms that have alternation of generation, the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gamete by mitosis. The haploid gametes unite and develop into sporophytes. |
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| in organisms that have alternation of generatios, the multicellular diploid form that results from the union of gametes, the sporophyte produces haploid spores by meosis that develop into gametophytes |
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| a multicellular organ in fungi and plants in which meosis occurs and haploid cells develop |
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| a durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algea and forms the walls of plant spores, preventing then from drying out. |
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| multicellular plant structure in which gamtes are formed. Female gametangia are called archegonia, and male gametangia are called antheridia. |
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| In plants, the female gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop. |
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| In plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop. |
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| Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body |
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A long, tubular single cell or
filament of cells that anchors bryophytes to
the ground. Unlike roots, rhizoids are not composed
of tissues, lack specialized conducting
cells, and do not play a primary role in water
and mineral absorption. |
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Definition
Extensive deposits of partially decayed
organic material often formed primarily from
the wetland moss Sphagnum. |
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| a modified leaf that bears sporangia and hence is specializd for reproduction |
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| a cluster of sporangia on a fern sporophyll sori may be arranged in various patterns, such as parallel lines or dots, which are usefull in fern identificaiton. |
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| the technical tern for a cluster of sporophylls known comonly as a cone, found in most gymnosperms and some seedless vascular plants |
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| horizontal stem of non vascular plants |
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| A small, flat, delicate structure produced by a germinating spore and bearing sex organs. It is the gametophyte of ferns and some other plants. |
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