Term
|
Definition
-civil war--, northerners and southerners trying to settle in Nebraska/Kansas because two states are popular sovereignty as of Kansas- Nebraska Act (1854)
-Emigrant Aid Company was when abolitionist provided people to go into Kansas and Missouri felt sensed invasion
-Missouri wants Kansas to be slave state so sending people in Kansas
-John Brown believed his purpose of life was to abolish slavery—he wanted equality (rare belief at that time, even though abolitionist didn’t want slavery, they still didn’t believe in equality)
-Pottawatomie Massacre-lead by him slaughtered 5 proslavery
-Kansas so disorganized, had two gov’t
-Lecompton Constitution—proslavery gov’t
-Topeka Constitution—antislavery gov’t
-Sack of Lawrence—anti slavery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-two phases
-1)Older Politicians
-Henry Clay wanted Compromise
-John Calhoun was southern extremist
-Daniel Webster encouraged northern moderates to support Clay
Compromise was defeated…
-2)Younger Politicians
-William Seward opposed compromise, eliminating slavery more important than union
-Jefferson Davis believed in New South—slavery= economic self-interest
-Stephen Douglas- focused on economic needs of West (RR)
-California was a free state
-Utah and New Mexico territory now became popular sovereignty
-Texas game New Mexico disputed territory and federal gov’t took over Texas debt
-Slave trade but not slavery prohibited in D.C.
-Stricter Fugitive Slave Laws |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-1845 President Polk sends John Slidell to Mexico because he wanted Mexico to sell us CA and NM and Utah, settle dispute between TX-Mexico border
-Mexico refused so in 1846, Polk sent General Zachary Taylor to move across Nueces R. toward Rio Grande, Polk sends war message to Congress and Congress declares war on Mexico
-end of war, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo—Rio Grande official border of US and Mexico, Mexican Cession:US takes control of CA NM UT for 15mil
-why didn’t we take whole territory? Because military it didn’t make sense, there was still racism in Mexico and NAT, we didn’t want to integrate them into American Society and we paid money to be nice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pride, nationalism, and idealistic vision of social perfection—emergence of reform
-US justification as to expansion
-Mission to spread American democracy and freedom
-US is closest to uninhabited land than any other country
-Americans, more use of land (same argument used against Cherokee)
-US population doubling every 25yrs
-US has duty to civilize and uplift the primitive peoples on lands
-Religion—G-d told me to do so
-People were against expansion (like Whigs) because it would increase slave or free state, thus reopening controversy on slavery and threaten instability of Union—also we don’t have right to take land from NA—people who opposed were minorities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-proposed by Jackson to the Congress—tried to get NA sign treaty to give them West of MI river (he just wanted more land)—land was more fertile in GA and whites wanted that
-Jackson believed that whites will put land into more use, that Federal gov’t should be protecting states and not NA, it would also conflict with NA because they can do whatever they want with the new land
-Cherokee, “you can’t kick us off”, “you’ve broken all the treaties before…”, land sucks, treaty applies to all NA to it will because conflicts between tribes, and RIGHTS-LIFE LIBERTY PROPERTY
-ultimately, trail of tears, GA give away NA land
-Cherokee divides themselves
1)one side gets 5million for their land and 3 years to move (people who signed treaty and abide by it)
2)15,000 decided not to take part so US rounds the up after 3 years and marched them to West to new Indian territory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Second National Bank- would benefit all regions of country because of common currency—(helped north more than south because they were more industrialized)
-Protective Tariff- tariff of 1816 put on manufactured goods imported into US—making imported goods more expensive so then people are likely to buy goods made in US (beneficial to North…again), however means that no longer is stuff cheap because imported cheap goods doesn’t exist, money from tariff used for internal improvements
-Internal Improvements- make communication, travel, and trade easier, between different sections of the country, would benefit south because south lacked money to fund improvements without financial help of national gov’t, --however, Madison kept to strict interpretation of Constitution and vetoed bill that would provide federal money for internal improvements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-as settlers move westward, new states are brought into union—states brought in as pairs so one free state, one slave state
-Missouri petitioned for statehood in 1819 and slavery became issue with addition of Tallmadge Amendment to its bill for statehood—amendment called for emancipation of slaves at age 25—so gradually eliminating slave in Missouri
-Southerners saw Tallmadge Amendment as threat to their way of life and economic system so said civil war—or break up with union
-Compromise proposed by Henry Clay- Maine admitted as a free state and Missouri admitted as slave state—within Louisiana Purchase territories north of MI Compromise line (36 30) except Missouri would be slave free—territories south of line could allow slavery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-(nationalistic) 1823, President Monroe warned all European powers not to interfere with affairs in Western Hemisphere
-Europeans not to try to re-establish colonies or interfere in affairs of newly independent republics
-European interference considered to be threat to US—thus war
-US will stay out of European affairs (isolationism) |
|
|
Term
| Marbury vs Maryland (Madison) |
|
Definition
-The Judiciary Act of 1789
-expanded powers to supreme court
-expanded judiciary court by allowing ‘writ of mandamus’- when court orders to get someone else to do job for them
-midnight judges—some of their commissions were not on time so should the secretary of state (Madision) have power to decide whether or not to deliver the commissions? Marbury argued that commission should be delivered because all other requirements were met
-Ruling-1) Marbury should get his commission
2) Supreme Court can not issue a writ of mandamus to force Madison to deliver the commission
3) Judiciary Act is unconstitutional because it ends up giving the Supreme court power that aren’t in Constitution
-Significance is that Judicial Review—the power to determine if acts of Congress are Constitutional or not and the power of judicial branch increased due to this case |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Maryland taxing national bank
-issue—is national bank even constitutional? Does state have power to tax agency of US gov’t?
-McCulloch argued that if you give right to create a national bank, then it gives more power to state
-Maryland argued that it doesn’t say that state can’t tax the national government under Article I Section 10
-Courts Ruling was that can’t tax because in article 6, it goes against supremacy clause and can’t give states power over nat’l gov’t and national bank can be created because they used the ‘necessary and proper clause’
-significance—to clarify that national gov’t had more power than the state gov’t |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Steven Douglas Senator from IL proposed bill
-it opened Kansas and Nebraska to popular sovereignty and it directly appeals the Missouri Compromise
-Why does he do this? Because he believes in popular sovereignty because ‘ps’ is democratic, he also wants RR to go from Chicago to San Francisco—but in order to do so, needed to cross over NA territory so by creating territory, that would be successful, he also owned a lot of land in Chicago so by creating RR, he gets more dough
-Northerners were upset because Missouri Compromise prohibited slavery expansion and that meant that there was going to be less opportunity for white males to work
-Southerners were happy because then they could increase slavery and it gave them more power in the Senate
-This created more tension between the North and the South
- it also lead to the end of the Whigs, and the ‘Republicans’ emerged
-Republicans wanted to stop expansion of slavery (a free soilest ideology) but they were not an Abolitionist party and they were also pro business, they wanted high protective tariff, pro expansion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-emerged from the Compromise of 1850
-increased tension between the South and the North because the North were forced to assist in capturing run away slaves
-Threat to African Americans- both free and slave because there were no such thing as jury trials; separate legal system, captured African-Americans couldn’t’ testify on their own behalf, assisting fugitive slaves carried fines and jail time, and deciding judges were paid more if found guilty
-Anthony Burns captured in Boston |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-1817-1825 (Monroe)
-The only political party at that time-Democratic- Republicans
-strong spirit of nationalism
-increased transportation between parts of country |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-John Quincy Adams (Northern Industrialization), Andrew Jackson (common man), William Crawford (Southern planter), Henry Clay (Westesp. NW)
-all Democratic Republicans
-Jackson and Adams (because there was no majority win)
-Henry Clay used his influence to support John Quincy Adams (who supported Clay’s American System)--- so John wins
-Henry Clay chosen as Secretary of State
-Jackson called this the “Corrupt Bargain” because he said Adam used Clay as an advantagve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Democrats was continuation of the DR Party—leader Andrew Jackson
-in NE, small merchants, workingmen, from South, planters against industrial growth, from W, those favoring farming economy supported Democrats
-hoped to increase economic and political opportunities for white males (anti-privilege)
-limited role of government in the economy, so anti BUS and anti gov’t sponsored internal improvements
-FOR westward expansion
-Whigs formed in 1834 to oppose tactics and policies of Andrew Jackson—leader Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun (Great Triumvirate)
-in NE, large merchants, manufacturers, from South, wealthy planters for industrial growth, W, rising commercial class supported Whigs
-encouraged industrial and commercial development—so supported the American System
-they were cautious about westward expansion because it may promote instability because … look what happened to Missouri
-pro federal gov’t and proBUS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-a law that Andrew Jackson passed that required for people buying Western land to pay only in gold or silver—he thought that it would stop the growing of speculators
-what it actually lead to was a panic because not too many people had gold or silver, so then the land price went down significantly, it increased unemployment, and there were no money circulation |
|
|
Term
| Second Bank of the United States |
|
Definition
-established after war of 1812, it goes on from 1816 to 1836
-Jackson against BUS because he is anti-privileged, monopoly, elite
-Nickolas Biddle, leader of SBUS—very conservative with bank and very stable
-1832, Henry Clay brings it up—supporting the bank in the election of 1832
-Jackson believed that it gave too much power to one person, that it could cause another panic, that it makes the rich richer and the poor even more poor, and it also promoted industry over farmers
-Nickolas, Henry Clay believed that it would unite Union because there would be one national currency, provided gov’t for a place to loan and to save money, it promoted industry and economic growth
-HOWEVER Jackson wins presidential election and Congress tries to revive the bank but vetoes the SBUS
-no more SBUS so Jackson put money into “Pet Banks”—small state banks |
|
|
Term
| Election of 1836 and 1840 |
|
Definition
-Candidates were Martin Van Buren (D), William H Harrison, Hugh White, and Daniel Webster (all Whigs)
-Whigs were very regional candidates in hopes to make it go to the House of Rep
-Van Buren won, but then had to deal with the Panic of 1837
-election of 1840, William H Harrison and Martin Van Buren ran
-Van Buren had difficult time being reelected because of Panic of 1837
-William promoted himself as a guy living a ‘normal life’ –a guy living in a log cabin drinking cider for his campaign but he was actually rich
-no issue during the election |
|
|
Term
| Whiskey Tax/Whiskey Rebellion |
|
Definition
-George Washington president at that time
-why tax? Because both state and nat’l gov’t are in debt and need money to pay off bonds
-farmers angry because they don’t benefit from the taxation ($6 of the $20 the avg farm in PA saw in 12 months)
-because many western counties of PA used whiskey as money
-Congress should tax land speculators like President Washington instead of back country squatters
-FOR Whiskey tax—just raise the price of Whiskey, alcohol is a luxury, not necessity, and wealthy are being taxed (rich paid off tariff of 8% on imports, so they ended up paying far more to the gov’t then the farmers were)
-AGAINST whiskey tax—a lot of money (should tax cider or beer because it’s like whiskey for the north and they are the ones benefitting from the whiskey tax)
-people have the right to get drunk!
-Whiskey Tax passed by Congress
-Protests in Western PA—similar to when colonists’ protested against British taxes because tax collectors were tarred and feathered by angry mobs, slogans against taxation was used, several towns and counties passed resolutions stating why they opposed whiskey tax
-REBELLION: washing sends 13,000 troops to crush rebellion, 20 men brought to PA to stand trial, 2 are found guilty but Washington pardons them, whiskey tax collected (but doesn’t cover cot of crushing rebellion), tax eventually repealed when Jefferson became President in 1801 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Hamilton was first United States Secretary of Treasury and proposed National Bank
-wanted to print 3times as much papers than gold
-encouraged economic growth
-wanted main branch in Philadelphia—notes in the bank are acceptable in all state and redeemable for gold and silver—the benefit of this was that it made trading a lot easier throughout the US
-Bank would have 20 years charter—so it’s an experiment, so in the end of 20 years, can decide whether they like the system or not
-25 Men on Board of Directors
-Board determines bank’s president
-20 members chosen by investors in bank
-5 members chosen by gov’t
-FOR bank, it encouraged economic growth, provided national gov’t a place to put/borrow money when needed, serve as national currency, establishes offices throughout the US so it helps promote industry, ‘necessary and proper clause’—expands the power of national gov’t that helps them to carry out laws
-OPPOSITION (Jackson)- BUS would stop development of state banks—so US bank would overpower, helps the wealthy more than the farmers, bank would be run by wealthy stock holders and help the rich get richer, Constitution didn’t give them right to establish a bank, gov’t would be controlled only by wealthy people, ‘necessary and proper” clause—not a necessity
-Madison raised Constitutional objection but Congress passes bill, Washington hesitated signing the bill so asked Hamilton and Jefferson for their opinions--ended up signing the bill--BUS established, Philadelphia DEC. 1791, 20 year charter |
|
|
Term
| Proclamation of Neutrality |
|
Definition
-1778 US signs treaty with France—France agrees to help US in Rev War, we agreed to help them out should they get into a fight with GB
-France in debt-1789 French Rev breaks out (underlying causes—poor financial aid & debt caused by aiding US during Rev War)
-so France wants to use American ports as bases to launch attacks on British commerce and hire US sailors to wage war on BR. merchant ships
-Hamilton—AVOID aid—avoid war w/Britain because 75% of $ comes from Britain, he needs money to repay war bonds, doesn’t like the idea of rebellions
-Jefferson—AID—liked democracy and the fact that France was attempting to adopt it, if we go against France, then France might go against us, rebellions are okay, we should support it
-Washington ends up warning US citizens not to aid France
-Proclamation of Neutrality does not avoid difficulty with BR, but cases difficulty with France
-Issues with Great Britain
-British won’t allowed neutral nations to trade with France
-US ships carrying food/etc to France seized and forced to British ports
-British warships stopped US vessels, forcibly removed sailors and forced them to serve in the BR navy (impressment)
-Britain still occupied forts in Gt Lakes, and starting building new ones
-British thought to be arming NA and promising them territory in event of war with US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-author Harriet Beecher Stowe, 1852 came out—so came out after the Compromise of 1850
-showed slavery is politically and morally wrong
-popular book—huge impact on attitude of white Northerners—antislavery grew
-negative aspect of the book was that it was very stereotypical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-author Harriet Beecher Stowe, 1852 came out—so came out after the Compromise of 1850
-showed slavery is politically and morally wrong
-popular book—huge impact on attitude of white Northerners—antislavery grew
-negative aspect of the book was that it was very stereotypical
Jay Treaty:
-a treaty that attempted to resolve issues with Great Britain
-Madison: can’t let Britain get the upper hand!
-Hamilton: YES
-terms of the treaty between US and Great Britain
-US can’t trade with France or French Indies
-US can’t let France use US ports to attack Great Britain
-Great Britain will not stop impressing US sailors
-Great Britain will leave the forts in the NW after 2 years
-If the US agrees to trade certain goods only to GB, GB will pay us back for goods taken off U.S. ships
-Hamilton ends up agreeing because we can avoid war with Great Britain—thus we can keep our trade and economy
-Jay Treaty ratified by vote of 20 to 10 (exactly 2/3 necessary for Senate to ratify treaty)
-Spain alarmed by Treaty and scared because thought US and Great Britain would form alliance and take Spanish territory in North America)
-Spain agreed to negotiate outstanding problems with the US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-between US and Spain after the Jay Treaty and it established the boundaries between the US and Spanish territory (MI river western boundary of US, 31st Parallel is Southern boundary of US)
-we get free use of the MI river
-Right of Deposit in New Orleans
-the US could take goods from river boats on New Orleans
-get to use the ports without having to use tax
-Spanish agreed to stop NA raids from Spanish Florida and GA territory |
|
|
Term
| Washington's Farewell Address |
|
Definition
-wrote before his second term ended
-Washington argued that permanent alliances should be avoided because it only lead to troubles
-foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican gov’t
-want little political connection as possible
-different views might persuade people to have different ideas
-we should have commercial relations but not political |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-France unhappy with the Jay Treaty between GB and US so France began to interfere in US affairs
-demanded President Washington to retire and be replaced by someone favorable to French—attacked and captured American ships
-When President Washington retired, John Adams took his place
-in hopes to avoid war, Adam appointed 3 American’s to negotiate with French
-Elbridge Gerry, Charles Pinckney and John Marshall went to Paris but was informed by agents ‘X’ ‘Y’ ‘Z’ that they had to pay to meet French Foreign Minister 250,000 and loan of 12,000,000 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Federalist leader under constant verbal attack and violent criticism of US president
-Federalist Congress passed bill that prohibited written, printed, published false, scandalous, and malicious statement against gov’t, Congress, president with intent to bring them into contempt or dispute is illegal
-BUT, allowed any person prosecuted under this act to give evidence in defense
-OPPOSED claimed that it was direct violation of First Amendment, limiting freedom of speech and press
-FOR said that First Amendment never understood to give right of printed lies or false statement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Candidates were John Adams, Charles C. Pinckney (VP) for Federalists, Thomas Jefferson (P), Aaron Burr (VP) for Democratic Republicans
-nasty campaign because Federalists accused DR of being radical and godless, DR accused Federalists of being monarchists and against liberty
-Tie between Jefferson and Burr, so went to house of Rep, Hamilton believed Burr unreliable so pushed for Jefferson—winning on the 36th ballot
-DR also won control of Congress
-Judiciary only branch in Federalist control
-Adams and Federalist Congress did what they could to keep Federalist
-Increased number of federal judges overall
-midnight appointments—Adams worked to very last minute to fulfill those appointment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-BG, Napoleon resumes conflict with GB, Britain blockades France, both Britain and France seize US ships, Britain resumes policy of impressments of US sailors, Chesapeake-Leopard incident (1807)
-Embargo Act
-Madison elected in 1808
-Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
-trade with all nations except Britain and France
-Macon’s Bill #2 (1810) whenever stops violating US, then Us will trade with them and not the other because they wanted to start trades again
-Madison asks congress for declaration of war
-invaded into Canada, the British took over NW, we burned capital, they burned our capital
-Treaty of Ghent—both sides stop fighting and return all conquered territory—as if nothing ever happened
-battle of New Orleans
-it takes place after War is over because of the communication issues, largest American Victory in the world, gives us New National hero: Andrew Jackson |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -during war, Federalist controlled state gov’t refused to prove soldiers, refused to fight outside state boundaries, discouraged individuals/banks from lending $ to national gov’t |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Federalist meeting in CT, suggestions to decrease power of national gov’t, limit terms of president, exclude naturalized citizens from serving in Congress
-maybe withdraw from union if proposals not adopted
-Delegated arrive in DC as news comes in of Jackson’s victory in Battle of New Orleans
-Results: Federalists held in contempt outside of NE, ceased to exist as a national political force
-led to downfall of federalists |
|
|
Term
| Legislation Post-War of 1812 |
|
Definition
-High Protective Tariff on imports—we’re protecting American industries that grew during the war of Embargo Act 1812
-Second National Bank—wanted it because during war, Federalists didn’t want to fund the gov’t (like NE)
-so to fix this 1816, 20 year charter SBUS
-Federal Money for Internal Improvements
-Madison decides to veto proposal to use national $ for State Roads
-doesn’t think its’ Constitutional
-gave national government too much power and wanted states to be independent
-he does approval some $ for NATIONAL roads because it was a military necessity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-1818, treaty allows equal access to US and Britain citizens--called the joint occupation, mostly fur traders
-1820s &1830s--protestant missionaries settle to counter Catholic missionaries in canada
-1840s significant US emigration (Oregon Fever) so US outnumber British
-1844 Election, Henry Clay wavered on issue (whig) and James Polk "54 degrees 40 or fight" (democratic)--polk won election, boundary settled and doesn't go to war with Britain |
|
|
Term
| Texas War for Independence |
|
Definition
-1835, incident in Gonzales over cannon
-1836, Santa Anna to TX with 4K troops
-Alamo (Mexico wins—Americans slaughtered), Goliad, Sam Houston declares TX independence, six weeks of Mexican victories
-Battle of San hacinto River
-Texas victory and captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign treat under threat of death that recognized Texas’ independence, territory north of Rio Grande River
-Mexican legislature rejected treaty and considered Texas part of Mexico because Santa Anna had to sign the treaty under threat of death
-Sam Houston became 1st president of the ‘Lone Star Republic’
-Jackson and Van Buren against request to have TX join in Union, John Tyler afraid of British influence in TX and wanted annexation, US Senate rejected annexation but when Polk won presidential election of 1844, TX entered in Union in 1845 |
|
|
Term
| Election of 1844 and 1848 |
|
Definition
-1844, James Polk (D), Henry Clay (W), James Birney (Liberty party—against expansion of slavery)
-key issue: Manifest Destiny (expansion)
-Polk slogan 54 40 or fight and for TX annexation
-Henry Clay wavered on expansion (slavery issue)
-1848, Zachary Taylor (Whig), Lewis Cass (D), Martin Van Buren (Free Soil—he switched from Democracy)
-key issue: Democrats and Whigs tried to avoid issue of slavery
-Free Soil Party organized to oppose spread of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico—against expansion of slavery in Union |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-they were not an abolitionist party, they believed in free soil, free speech, free labor and free men
-against expansion of slavery into west to make opportunities available for free white men
-Made up of former Liberty party members and antislavery democrats and Whigs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-1846 proposed by David Wilmot (PA)
-amendment to bill when Polk asked for 4 to go to war with Mexico
-Would prohibit slavery in territory acquired from Mexico, passed house but Senate because North controlled South |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-CA was part of territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War
-1848 Gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill
-49ers, massive influx of people looking for gold, majority men, 1st Chinese immigrants to the Us, Native American slavery and massacres
-Men +Greed + Ethnic tensions=Unstable Society
-pressure to create a stable efficient government to restore order
-Dec 1849, CA presents state Constitution that prohibits slavery and South mad because they don’t want the balance being thrown off
-California Gold Rush led to the Compromise of 1850 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-first help yourself, then help the community—it had a lot to do with individualism
-Shakers—group consisted mostly of women, believed in traditional gender role—no sex
-Mormons- founded by Josef Smith, was looking for ‘New Holy Land’, in Utah, Salt Lake
-Josef arrested for religious persecution
Finny-anti-calvanist to the extreme preached in upstate NY, revivals-so large that it was outdoors, popular because there was so many confusions in NY economically and socially
-believed that people should confess sins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Frederick Douglas-leader of Moderates
-started off as one but broke off into radical & moderates
-moderates wanted change overtime because didn’t want to deal with havoc and also didn’t want violence
-the radicals wanted immediate changes and tend to be more violent
-people like Garrison wrote the Liberator in hopes to stop slavery
-William Lloyd started off as an assistant but didn’t like it so established his own newspaper
-they helped runaway slaves and he attacked the government saying that slavery is in the Constitution
-the problem isn’t in the institution, but the government is at fault
-there were anti-abolitionism
-1830 mucho violence
-George Fitz Hugh believed slaves better treated then being free and argued that slaves worked in good condition and that they were better off than free African Americans—slaves were protected by their masters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-came after the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
-violence not in KS but in the national government
-Sumner- crime against Kansas speech attacked Andrew Butler—so Preston Brooks (Butlers nephew) assaulted Sumner at his desk, beating him with a cane
-to the North, Sumner was a martyr to barbarism of the South, he couldn’t return to Senate for 4 years
-South: Brooks resigned seat but was reelected and canes were sent to him |
|
|
Term
| Dred Scott vs Sandford (1857) |
|
Definition
-Marshall died a while ago
-Roger Toney is the chief justice of the Supreme Court
-a slave by the name Dred Scott was stationed in a Free State and meanwhile, got married (even though slaves were not allowed to get married, master let him)
-when master dies, he asks widow if he can buy freedom and she says no so it ends up going to the Supreme Court
-Roger COULD have said slave can’t sue but he made it a broad ruling by salying that
-Blacks, regardless of whether they were free or slave, are not citizens of the US—and therefore do not have rights
-Congress had obligation to protect property under the 5th amendment
-Cannot ban slavery in any territory (slaves=territory)
-MO Compromise was unconstitutional
-Ruling went much farther than it needed to
-this encouraged South to preserve and extend slavery
-Confirmed extreme abolitionist against Southern conspiract to extend to entire nation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Nathaniel Bacon, minor nobles son, got land from the frontier
-Governor William Berkeley—royal gov’t of VA and involved in fur trade
-Rebellion was against Nathan & followers vs NA and THEN Nathan & followers vs Eastern Elite
-at Jamestown Colony, Nathan is pissed off at gov’t because they won’t support them again NA (conflict over land)
-Eastern Elite says no because they have a lucrative fur trade going on with the NA Americans
-at first, they go against the NA and then they go against gov’t
-when Nathan dies, everything goes blah
-significance is that it shows the increasing power of farmer indentured servants, people on the frontier
-on going conflict between the east and the west in variety of colonies
-DISSATISFACTION/lack of rep of gov’t and this leads to the American Rev. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-antislavery
-economy of Georgia based on rice/indigo
-water increases disease
-death rates high in rice field
-no one wants to work so they bring people from Africa so Georgia needs slave trade to continue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-it limited the amount of wealth (gold/silver) in the world
-each country wants as much wealth as possible
-so sell more than buy
-colonies—sources of raw material and market for manufactured goods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-trade to/from colonies only on English (including colonies) ships+ only w/ English crews
-all goods imported into the colonies (except some perishables) had to be shipped through England (import tax paid so England is benefitting)
-specified or enumerated (listed) goods from colonies like tobacco, sugar, cotton could only be shipped to Britain
-BENEFITS for the colonies: it insured trade, they had security, it kept jobs open for people like ship building
-NEGATIVES the prices for gods are really expensive, might increase tension between Britain and colonies, less variety of goods, International tension, hinder/hurts colonial manufacturing because al raw materials are sent to Britain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Wooden Act—can only export wood to England
-Hat Act-beaver hats can’t be sold outside of the colonies (bad because other (British) hat makers can’t make a business
-Iron Act-colonists can’t build mills for melting iron
-HOWEVER-smuggling and bribery often ways around British Policy
-Also tradition of neglect |
|
|
Term
| The French and Indian War |
|
Definition
-French settlement went up because of fur trade, missionaries, settlement spreads from Canada to Louisiana, and string of forts/missions/trading posts to protect the settlers
-tension between France& Britain increases- King William’s Queen Anne’s King George’s fighting for settlement (WAG war started in Europe then spilled to colonies)
-Iroquois grants British internal trade concessions into Ohio River but French didn’t
-French military prepares and makes a string of forts in Ohio valley so British military prepares and VA governor sends Washing to build Fort Necessity which leads to the French and Indian War
-three phases
-1)Primary N. American
-Little British aid but ineffective
-N.A. (except Iroquios allied with French and many English settlers moved East
-2)International Conflict (7 years)
-William Pitt (Secretary of States) takes charge
-appointed commanders
-impressment (drafting of troops)
-quartering troops (Giving food/shelter/alcohol)
-colonists resent Pitt’s control and resisted (disrupted war effort)
-3)Pitt retired polities that colonists resented
-stopped impressment
-reimbursed for quartering
-large number of British troops to Native Americans (“colonies) and turned tide against French—seized Quebec (1759)—formal French surrender (1760)
-End of War—peace of Paris (1763) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-George III-British throne—resignation of Pit
-British received some French territory in the West Indies and India
-Canada and all territory east of MI River (New Orleans +West territory to Spain) (Spain dominating Western hemisphere)// French Gone
-Impact on
1)British, increase in territory, debt, and resentment toward the colonies
2)Colonists, acted in common, socializing of soldiers, beginning president into demands
3)NA lost power
-issue that followed after French and Indian War was that it lead to increase tensions between Great Britain and the 13 colonies
-Land—proclamation of 1763, Puts 10,000 British troops in US, quartering Act (*Grenville is in charge and it’s his way of dealing with the colonies)
-Debts—enforcements, anti smuggling campaign so more troops/naval patrol, writs of assistance—random search for smuggled goods; taxation—sugar act and stamp act |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-passed by parliament gave monopoly to the British EIC, by allowing them to go around the Navigation Act
-prior to Tea Act, Dutch smuggled tea was the cheapest
-after, BEIC tea was cheaper but colonist still continued to buy from Dutch even though BEIC tea was cheaper because they believed in ‘no taxation without representation’
- if colonies buy from British, then it means that colonists are acknowledging the fact that colonies are accepting British taxation—money is not an issue for them
-lead to the Boston tea party |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-boston colony refused to return three ship loads of taxed tea to Britain and a group of colonists boarded thee ship and destroyed the tea by throwing it into the harbor
-Tea Party was the culmination of resistance movement though US against the Tea Act
-parliament responded by passing the Coercive Act—it closed Boston’s commerce until BEIC repaid for the destroyed tea (never happened)
-colonists responded by protesting and creating the First Continental Congress which petitioned the British monarch for repeal of the acts and coordinated colonial resistance to them
-led to Revolution |
|
|
Term
| Sugar Act, Currency Act, Quartering Act, Townshend Act, Declaratory Act, Quebec Act |
|
Definition
-sugar act reduced tax on molasses brought into colonies from British and Non British ports, meant to strengthen the Molasses Act, 1733
-Consequences was that the colonists had been smuggling molasses from French colonies and not paying tax
-Currency Act forbid colonies from issuing own paper money, taxes to be paid in gold or silver coin, rather than paper money
-Consequences was that because the balance of trade had shifted to GB around 1750, colonial merchants had been sending large amounts of currency to GB to pay their taxes, already making it difficult for merchants to do business
-Townhend Acts took power of purse away (when the colony controlled gov’t salary so colony had power)—taxed on certain things so that GB has enough money to give to colonial gov’t
-Declaratory Act repealed the Stamp Act but we still had right to pass any law we wanted to but it
-Quebec Act extended province of Quebec south to Ohio River valley and west to Mississippi river, British officials would govern it directly but colonists could keep their law and Roman Catholics could continue to practice their religion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aimed specifically at MA as result of Boston Tea Party
-Boston Port Act: closed the port until colonists paid for the tea
-Quartering Act-required colonists to house troops sent to Massachusetts to enforce them
-Administration of Justice Act: allowed a soldier or official accused of a crime to be tried outside the colony if the governor believed the person could not reeive a fair trial in the colony
-MA Bay Regulating Act: revoked the colony’s charter
-All of this pissed off the colonists and made them realize that they weren’t under British subjects anymore |
|
|
Term
| Declaration of Independence |
|
Definition
-2nd Continental Congress appointed a committee headed by Thomas Jefferson to draft a formal declaration of independence
-preamble stated the compact theory of John Locke as philosophical basis of revolution
-Second part enumerated the grievances against the king
-Final statement declared existence of independence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-American disadvantages was that they had little money and poorly trained volunteers but advantages was that it was home turf, and trusted leader in George Washington
-British advantage was that it was well trained and disciplined troops, and strong navy but disadvantage was that it was difficult/expensive to supply army across ocean King had to hire mercenaries because no large standing Army, poor communication
-Battle of Bunker Hill: British defeat Americans
-Battle of Saratoga: first great American victory convinced French to ally with colonists
-Battle of Yorktown: British has disastrous defeat by US and French and French Blockade crucial—wouldn’t have won if it weren’t for the French
-Treaty—GB recognizes American independence
-boundaries set at MS river in W-Spain, Great Lakes and FL in S—Spain
-both countries pay debts owed prior to war
-Congress to ask states to allow Loyalist to sue for property taken
-GB to remove troops from US soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Parliament passed tax on colonies—colonists must by special stamp to place on almost every kind of document
-it was first tax placed on goods made and sold in the colonies and such, did not support mercantilism
-boycotts, demonstrations, Stamp Act Congress, Virginia
-boycotted british goods and it was successful because it troubled merchants back in Britain—they asked parliament for help (merchant has a lot of power over decision of parliaments)
-Sons of Liberty (leader:john hancock and sam adams) had riots in Massachusetts
-tried to attack Andrew Olwer a tax collelctor and attacked British gov’t officials such as Governor Thomas Hutchinson
-Virginia Resolutions—Patrick Henry passed Laws
-Stamp Act Congress:rep from 9 colonies said “no taxation without representation—parliament backs down |
|
|
Term
| First Continental Congress |
|
Definition
-response to the Intolerable Acts
-reaffirmed loyalty to the king
-Actions of the Congress
-Suffolk resolves: rejected Intolerable Acts and called for immediate repeal, urges resistance via boycott (cause it worked before) and military prep
-Declaration of Rights and Grievances—petition urging King to restore colonial rights, did recognize Parliament’s authority to regulate commerce (but not authority with respect to internal colonial affair)
-Association: urged creation of committees in every town to enforce economic sanctions of Suffolk resolves
-Decided that if colonial rights were not recognized, a second Continental Congress would meet in May 1775 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-tobacco (primary), wheat, cattle
-political issue was the House of Burgesses, Bacon’s Rebellion, conflict between eastern Government and Western frontiersmen
-importation of slaves from Africa plantation owners from upper class; conflict with NA, short life expectancy, few women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Rice, indigo, naval supplies
-dominated by James Ogethorpe, the proprietor—strict rules such as no slaves, rum, etc, royal colony in 1752
-buffer from Spanish Florida’ debtors shipped from England, No Africans free or slave in beginning, some religious refugees , later slavery to cultivate rice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-wheat/flour, foodstuffs, paper, iron
-political (rep. assembly) and religious freedom, proprietor is William Penn
-Quakers, diverse with political and religious freedom
-“Holy Experiment” peaceful co-existence with Native Americans (court to settle differences, purchased land, tried to treat N.A.fairly |
|
|
Term
| Statute of Religious Liberty |
|
Definition
-believed in religious freedom, most Americans thought religion should play role in gov’t but don’t want to give special privileges
-1786, VA enacted the Statute of Religious liberty by T.J. called for complete separation of church and state |
|
|
Term
| First State Constitutions |
|
Definition
-they were Republicans to begin even before Rev, just wasn’t called that
-all they did was delete references to king from charters, England, and adopted them as constitutions
-written constitutions and strong legislature
-11 other states produced new documents
-first, decided to write down doc because believed England’s unwritten constitution was what had produced corruption
-second decision was to limit power of executives—believed that they had too much power in England
-every state forbade gov’t or any other executives from holding seat in legislature, ensuring that the 2 branches of gov’t to be separate (unlike GB)
-but new constitution didn’t embrace direct popular rule except for PA And GA, had upper and lower chamber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-tobacco, wheat
-proprietor=Lord Baltimore
-1655, Civil war between Catholics and Protestants:John Coode leads rebellion in defense of Protestant religion
-Catholics seek refuge from Act of Toleration for all Christians
-earlier, had good relations with N.A. and encouraged Protestant and Catholic settlers
-1st indentured servants, later slaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-trade, furs, wheat/flour, shipbuilding, livestock. Glass
-Charles II gave to brother, Duke of York
-tension over distribution of power in society
-settled by the Dutch, Diverse, religious freedom, relatively good relations with the native American’s thanks to the fur trade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-established by the Puritans
-shipbuilding, shipping, fishing, lumber rum, meat products
-mayflower compact, first civil gov’t (make just and equal laws to which promised all due submission and obedience, still allegiance to the king)
-governor John Winthrop
-Church and state closely linked
-taxes supported Puritan church and laws required attendance; only formal member of Puritan church held political rights,
-Puritans, Mass Bay Company for religious freedom; no religious toleration, ‘city upon a hill’ |
|
|
Term
| Articles of Confederation |
|
Definition
-allowed different relationship between state gov’t and national gov’t than does today’s constitution
-power given to Congress very limited
-had power to coin money, raise armies, declare war
-lacked authority to collect taxes, enforce treaties (lowered relation with other countries), no power to regulate interstate commerce (so states could tax others states—it’s bad for economy, US needs to unify country in order to be successful), no judicial branch (so state courts interpreted national laws), no chief executives (no laws /enforcement of national laws so no unity)
-Congress could borrow money or request it from the states (but states never really did)
-Nat’l government set up as a Congress in which each state had one vote; Congress worked through committees (lack of coordination between committees led to no uniform domestic or foreign policy)
-each state retained its sovereignty, freedom, and independence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-system for mapping and selling western land (oh. River Vally)
-Divided northwest territory in 3-5 territories
-process for becoming a state
-Congress appoints governor and judges
-5,000 settlers= elect own gov’t to write temporary Constitution
-60,000 settlers and write a State constitution to be approved by Congress (onoce approved then became a state)
-guaranteed freedom of religion and right to trial byjury
-prohibited slavery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-system for mapping and selling western lands 9Oh. River Valley
-$ from sale to fund public education
-reserved for later sale
-townships of 36 sections each
-sold for no less than $1/acre
-favored land speculators
-Ohio + Scioto Companies given 1st chance to buy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-purpose was to help people who are uninformed and are likely to be misled
-to protect people against the ruler and protect the people against their own foolishness
-rich merchants + farmers always will be a separation of lass to protect minority (the rich) from the majority over ruling |
|
|
Term
| Turnpike Era/Canal Age/Beginning of Railroads |
|
Definition
-need toll to use the road (mainly locally)
-Erie Canal is one of the most famous canal that goes from Hudson River to lake Erie—it connected the North and the West
-railroads primarily went to west from the North—however the width of the rails were different from the South and the North
-North used it more frequently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pre-presidency: he came from Ireland and was a lawyer, Congressmen, lost a lot in a failed land speculation deal (leaving him suspicious of paper money), slave owner, large plantation and stable outside of Nashville, violent, national hero after battle of New Orleans, execution of NA and British in Spanish Florida
-During presidency: he revitalized the Democratic Party and helped create a permanent system of two-party politics, believed in strong union, “Jacksonian Democracy” belief in white and majority rule
-development of “spoils system appointment of Roger Taney as chief Justice of Supreme Court
-key issue were NA removal, Nullifcation Crisis, SBUS, and Second Party System |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun
-1828 High Protective tariff passed (Tariff of Abomination)
South Carolina exposition and protest (John, pro-nullification)
1832: Tariff lowered slightly
1833: South Carolina Convention passed Nullification Ordinance declaring tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void
-Jackson’s could compromise by lowering tariff and SC repeals nullification, he can send in federal troops to enforce collection of tariff, or support and ignore challenge and allow south Carolina to nullify treaty
-Jackson moved custom’s house to federal property, affirmed national supremacy (speech against nullification, force bill authorized use of army in emergency, and asked congress to lower tariff by 20% by 1843 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-written down
-limited executive power
-separation of power
-property requirement
-separation of church and state
-slavery abolished in NE and PA, no slave trade except SC and GA rice in water, slavery kept in South and Border states |
|
|
Term
| Pennsylvania and Massachusetts |
|
Definition
-white male 21+ who pay taxes
-no executive branch
-legislative branch very responsive to people
-yearly elections, limited terms, unicameral
Massachusetts-property owners, strong executive—direct election, fixed salary, appoint powers, and veto power |
|
|
