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| "thing of the people"; government in which officials were chosen by the people |
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| members of the landholding upper class |
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| people from the patrician class who supervise the business of government and command the army |
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| ruler with complete control over a government |
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| the farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders who made up the bulk of the population |
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| officials elected by plebeians who protect their interests |
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| army made up of about 5000 men |
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| 3 wars between Rome and Carthage; Romans won in the end and annihilated the city |
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| general that led Carthage in the Punic Wars |
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| foretold to be the day of Julius Caesar's death (March 15) |
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| system of laws that applied to citizens |
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| temple devoted to all the Roman godsZ |
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| Greek god; presided over the affairs of gods and humans |
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| major religion about the life of Jesus; became official religion of Roman empire |
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| people who suffer or die for their beliefs |
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| Church official who was responsible for all Christians in a diocese |
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| the bishop of Rome; the head of the Roman Catholic Church |
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| beliefs said to be contrary to official Church teachings |
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| foreign soldiers serving for pay |
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| Roman emperor, known for dividing the empire in 2, attempting many reforms, and restoring order |
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| Roman emperor, talented general; known for policy of religious tolerance and relocating capital to Constantinople |
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| leader of the Huns; went on savage campaign of conquest across much of Europe |
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| payment from conquered peoples |
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| first American civilization; emerged from tropical forests along Mexican Gulf Coast |
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| city in Valley of Mexico; well planned, well built; eventually fell to invaders |
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| ancient Aztec city built on a swampy island in Lake Texcoco; present-day Mexico City |
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| collection of knotted, colored strings used by officials for keeping track of dates, events, etc. |
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| civilization in southern Mexico; very intelligent, innovative, skilled craftspeople |
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| bands of nomadic people who migrated into Valley of Mexico; known for creating a mighty empire through fierce conquests and shrewd alliances |
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| ancient civilization that spread all across South America; known for complex road system |
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| earliest culture in the Andes; named from Chavi'n de Huantar ruins |
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| large underground chamber used for religious cermeonies by the Anasazis |
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| best known society in the southwest; cliff dwellers |
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| group of people who lived in the north, in harsher climates |
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| king of the Francs; known for conquering Gaul and converting to Christianity |
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| religion emerged from Arabia and swept through Mediterranean world |
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| "Charles the Great"; known for reuniting much of the old Roman empire and promoting education |
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| lesser lords who pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord in exchange for land |
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| code of conduct that required knights to be brave, loyal, and true to their word |
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| the lord's estate; heart of the medieval economy |
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| peasants on a manor, bound to the land |
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| sacred rituals of the Church |
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| body of laws of the Church |
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| exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church, as penalty from refusing to obey church laws |
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| excluded an entire town, region, or kingdom from participating in most sacraments; a penalty from disobeying church laws |
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| tax equal to a tenth of one's incomes; must be paid to the Church |
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| written document that set out the rights and privileges of the town |
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| lending money at interest |
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| associations that dominated life in medieval towns |
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| medieval noblewoman; became first queen of France and later, England; leading force in European affairs |
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| law that was the same for all people |
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| group of men sworn to speak the truth |
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| jury that decides whether there is enough evidence for a trial |
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| battle fought by William the Conqueror; William won against brother in law and assumed crown of England |
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| also known as "Duke of Normandy", known for winning crown of England against brother-in-law and creating the Domesday Book |
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| census taken in 1086 that took inventory of everything in the kingdom |
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| jury that make a decision for a trial |
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| great charter; affirmed a long list of feudal rights |
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| largest European royal house; began with Hugh Capet |
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| body that had representatives from all three classes: clergy, nobles, and townspeople |
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| Great Council in England, often called upon for advice |
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| 2 monarchs of Spain during Spanish Inquisition; wanted to unify nation under 1 religion |
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| people who believed in Islam |
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| using reason to support Christian beliefs |
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| building style (usually churches), known for incredible heights, enormous windows, and high ceilings |
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| theology scholar; wrote the Summa Theologica |
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| language of the ordinary people |
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| written by Geoffrey Chaucer; about a band of English pilgrims traveling to Thomas Becket's tomb |
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| poem by famous Italian poet, Dante Alighieri, about Hell, Heaven, and purgatory |
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| 17 year old peasant woman; led French armies against England; became a saint |
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| global epidemic - the Bubonic plague; spread by rats from Asia to Europe; 1 out of 3 died |
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| sole ruler with complete authority |
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| Byzantine emperor; known for establishing code of laws, reviving the old Roman empire, and building the Hagia Sofia |
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| "Holy Wisdom"; immense church in Constantinople, built by Justinian |
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| Justinian's wife; very involved with the rulings of the empire |
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| highest Church official in Constantinople |
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| great landowning nobles in Russia |
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| Mongol armies that invaded and ruled Russia for some time |
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| Russian word for Caesar; title of the ruler of the Russian empire |
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| large group of people who share the same language and cultural heritage |
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