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According to what the professor said in todays study group session, Agricultural Surplus didnt really have an exact location. Agricultural surplus is the collecting of food and storing it. This happened in many different locations and the importance of this key term is that because of this towns were created leading to cities and empires which now brings us to Walmart (i guess the Walmart thing was a joke).
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| Why important: it was one of the first early towns during the Neolithic age, in which it evolved from a town and offered more advantages including agricultural surplus. Catal Huyuk applies to the region of Fertile Crescent of Central Turkey around 7000to5000 BCE. It was a town of productive agriculture, a big population, reliable water supply, large supply of grain (which led to the invention of pottery for storage), evidence of metal and obsidian tools, no writing system, evidence of rituals and shrines, had the world’s oldest map. |
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The “Venus” Statues were found in the region of Catal Huyuk.
The “Venus” Statues were found approximate 8000 BCE when the first town Catal Huyuk was formed.
The “Venus” Statues were figurines that resembled pregnant women. It is believed that people in Catal Huyuk formed some sort of religious beliefs which worshiped pregnant women.
The term is important because the figurines give insights and evidence that people in Catal Huyuk formed a religious belief during that period of time. |
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| Found in the region of Mesopotamia around 1800 BCE. The Code of Hammurabi is written in cuneiform. It was a city-state government that issued public law code with divine approval. This is important because we see specialization by this time and changes in religion and politics. |
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The Bronze Age applies to the region of Mesopotamia.
The Bronze Age started around 2000 BCE.
The Bronze Age was a period of time in which all tools and weapons were made of bronze.
The term is important because it was a period of time when craftsmen started to acquire skills in metallurgy in order to produce more effective weapons and tools. |
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First known empire builders. Illustrated the fact that the growth of early cities in most Ancient civilizations tended to lead to conflict and efforts by one city to establish hegemony over the others, leading to empires everywhere.
region in Mesopotamia around 2500 BCE (700 years after first cities). The first empire of Akkad. Sargon, king of the city-state (Akkad) managed to unite all of the city-states and becomes an empire. |
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Ancient Egypt (approx. 3500 BCE-200 BCE)
The ruler in Egypt presented himself as the representative, indeed as the embodiment, of one of the highest gods.
found in Egypt during the third dynasty, about 3100-3000 BCE. statue with the god of Horus on the pharaoh indicates his importance as well as the fact that the god is protecting the pharaoh. Implies a sign of power from the gods. |
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in the south of Egypt about 2000 BCE. It adopted ideas from Egypt and adapted to their own uses. Example would be how they see their kings and present them.
What: African kingdom
Where: Africa
When: New Kingdom of Egypt
Importance: Was an importance source for Egyptian gold |
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Ancient Mesopotamia (after approx. 3500 BCE) Cylinder seals indicates a writing system. Important because the samples of writings were very limited therefore hard to understand. Seals found in Mesopotamia indicates that they had contact with them before.
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| Xia Dynasty [Hsia Dynasty] |
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| it is found in China (around 1766-1122 BCE) and it is considered to be the first dynasty as well as the mythical dynasty of China’s history. It’s philosophy was ancient worship. Outside warriors who began to unify North China. |
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philosophy found in China during the Zhou dynasty around 900 BCE. Important because it meant that the actions of the ruler must be approved by the heavens in order for it to be just. The justification for the rule of the Zhou dynasty in China, the king was charged to maintain order as a representative of Heaven, which was viewed as an impersonal law of nature Maintained order in the universe through the Zhou king, who thus ruled as a representative of Heaven but not as a divine being.
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when: Ancient Mesoamerica
found in Mesoamerica in the Olmec civilization between 1500-400 BCE. Used for ceremonial games. Found in Izapa which is in Chiapas today. Important for ceremonies and politics. |
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In ancient Greek polis, a ruler who came to power in an unconstitutional way and ruled without being subject to the law
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Found in Greece around 500 BCE. To be a sophist means to have the power to persuade through rhetoric. They are professional teachers of rhetoric. One of the most important sophists was Socrates, every subject was under scrutiny
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| "agon," conflict or competition |
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| Greece from 700-300 BCE. It means “antagonist” or “protagonist” in the modern English derivative. |
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| more and more intense competition for power in China (600-300 BCE). During the Zhou dynasty, they controlled north China by sending out trusted servants to rule each region. These rulers became independent, while the emperors became figureheads. Philosophy was Laoz |
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| Mystic philosopher in ancient china. Lived in 4th century BCE during the warring states period. He was said to be a contemporary of Confucius (551-479 BCE). Founder of Daoism. Laozi's work has been embraced by various anti-authoritarian movements. |
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| "li", ceremony or ritual propriety |
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| li is described using some form of the word 'ritual’. Li is an abstract idea. A principle of Confucian idea. |
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: 1) Ruler to Ruled 2) Father to son 3) husband to wife 4) older brother to younger brother 5) friend to friend. You could also use "li"-ritual, "ren"-human kindness for these also.
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The Imperial Academy was part of Chinese culture and began in the late Chou Era. It was used to train bureaucrats to work in the civil service industry. It was important because it gave everyone a chance to improve their social standing based on merit, not on social and political connection, which is a large part of Chinese culture even today.
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When: 5th century (509 - 31 BCE)
Where: Rome
What: upper class/landowners/magistrates/senators/consuls
Sig:
- constituted an aristocratic governing class (democracy).
- Gave power to common man (in theory, not practice)
Early instance that they solved problems w/o violence but by listening |
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When: 5th century
Where: Rome
Sig: Larger of the two groups
What: Nonpatrician large landowners, less wealthy landholders, artisans, merchants, and small farmers
Although they were Roman citizens, they did not have the same rights as the patricians
Could vote, but couldnt become elected gov officials |
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- In Rome, (same time as Patrician/Plebians)
-Wealthy nobles who controlled the Tribal assembly thus controlled the people.
- Tribal assembly was called the “people’s assembly” (democratic) and every man was able to vote.
- city official that was supposed to look out for the interests of people |
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Large farms that were formed when landowners bought up smaller farms. Most were sheep and cattle ranches, and some grew olives and grapes. They were created in part after the Second Punic War, during which many Romans burned their farms rather than let the invading Carthaginian General Hannibal lives off their land. By 2nd century CE Latifundia has displaced small farms as the agricultural foundation of the Roman Empire which in turn contributed to the destabilizing of the Roman society.
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| "gravitas, pietas, constantia" |
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| Means gravity, respect, constancy. Roman vocab of order. The values of order and hierarchy. |
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Rome vs Carthage, 3 wars Caused by clashing interests of the Carthaginian Empire and the expanding Roman republic. Rome WINS. Carthage was destroyed. Roman soldiers burned down the city and sold the inhabitants to slavery. The territory is now known as Africa
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- WORLD’S FIRST EMPEROR OF ROMAN EMPIRE
nephew & adopted son of Caesar; Caesar’s closest male Roman relative
- starts campaign against Cleo When: (31 BCE - 14 CE)
Where: Rome
Who: 1st Roman Emperor, Caesar's heir/ adopted son to property |
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means “Roman peace” in Latin
- long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force experienced by the Roman empire in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD
- established by Ceaser Augustus
- Spanned about 207 years (roughly 27 BD to 180 AD)
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One of the founders of universal religion under the Pax Romana
When: 5 - 67 AD
Where: Rome
Who: Jewish Roman citizen
preached not only to Jews but Gentiles
· taught that Jesus was the Savior, the son of God, who came to earth to save all humans, who were all sinners as a result of Adams sin
· Used Roman roads to spread his version of Christianity
· Executed |
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a year in the history of the Roman Empire, AD 69, in which four emperors ruled in a remarkable succession. These four emperors were Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian.
During this time, Rome was in a state of Chaos. |
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confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these "barbarians, as they called them, and finally succeeded in dispersing the Xiongnu in the first century C.E.
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Kautalya may have been Chandragupta Maurya’s chief advisor Chanakya who wrote the book Arthashastra. He wrote about spying on the King’s subjects.
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| Liberation from the constant suffering involved in being a part of the cycle of death and rebirth (samsara). About the middle of the 1st millennium BCE new religious movements spreading along the Ganges River valley in India promoted the view that human life is a state of bondage to a recurring process of rebirth. These movements spurred the eventual development of the major religions of Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism. |
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- founder of Buddhism
- spiritual teacher
- regarded as the supreme Buddha( Buddha means awakened or enlightened)
- was born into royalty but decided to leave his life of luxury for a spiritual path
- prophesized to either become a great king if he remained the palace or become Buddha if he chose the spiritual life
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| In Buddhist thought, enlightenment, the ultimate transcendence from the illusion of the material world, release from the "wheel of life" |
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| 1. To live is to suffer 2. Desire is the cause of suffering 3. To end suffering, end desire 4. The eightfold path is the right way, it can end desire |
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Although the corruption of the eunuchs contributed to the decline of the Han Dynasty, the major reasons behind the dynasty’s collapse are the overwhelming influence held by powerful clans, the natural disasters that befell a disgruntled peasantry and the disintegration of central authority within the empire.
When: 206 B.C.–220 A.D.
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Roman Empire, 400BC, sack of Rome by Visigoths, decaying roman system overwhelmed by exterior threats.
it was a sacking of Rome |
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