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basic graph; shows how a dependent variable responds to an independent variable in a given set of data |
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is always located on the x-axis |
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is always located on the y-axis |
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a straight line “fitted” as close to the middle of the plotted data as possible. The slope of the line of best fit describes the relationship between the independent and dependent variables |
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as the independent variable increases, the dependent variable also increases |
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As the independent variable increases, the dependent variable decreases |
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any circle of Earth’s circumference whose center coincides with the center of the Earth |
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circles whose centers do not coincide with the Earth’s center |
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angular or arc distance north or south of the equator (the line running east to west half-way between the poles), measured from the center of Earth |
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o Line connecting all points at the same latitudinal angle is called a |
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Only one parallel – the equatorial parallel – is a |
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angular or arc distance east or west of a point on Earth’s surface, measured from the center of Earth (lines run north/south at right angles to the equator and to all parallels) |
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o A line connecting all points at the same longitude is a |
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-half of a great circle that passes through the poles |
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Earth’s prime meridian goes through |
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• To the right of 0 deg. Latitude is |
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Eastern Hemisphere, to the left is Western |
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o International Date Line |
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extends from North Pole to South poles on the opposite side of Earth from the prime meridian |
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• Earth’s systems are powered by a constant flow of |
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insolation – intercepted solar radiation. |
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o Earth intercepts only ___ of the entire solar output |
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• The place receiving maximum insolation is the point where insolation rays are perpendicular to the surface (radiating from directly overhead), called the |
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o All other places receive insolation at less than a 90 deg. angle and thus experience |
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more diffuse energy receipts |
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• The traveling boundary that divides daylight and darkness is called the |
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o June solstice rays over |
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December Solstice rays over |
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September equinox rays over |
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o June solstice – Arctic Circle |
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o Dec. solstice – Antarctic Circle |
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o March equinox – Both get |
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o September equinox – Both get |
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o Seasonal variations are a response to the changes in the Sun’s |
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altitude, the angle between the horizon and the noon Sun |
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latitude of subsolar point |
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o The Sun’s declination, the latitude of the subsolar point, migrates annually through |
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47 deg. of latitude – between the Tropic of Cancer (23.30 deg N) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.30 deg S) |
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convenient device to track the passage of the Sun’s path & declination throughout the year |
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A 24-hour average day determines |
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However, an apparent solar day is based on |
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observed successive passages of the Sun over a given meridian. |
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• Any difference between observed solar time and mean solar time is called the |
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• Calculating altitude of the noon sun |
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o Sun angle = 90 deg. minus (arc distance between your latitude & subsolar point) |
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a measure of sensible heat energy present in the atmosphere and other media |
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o Principal controls & influences upon temperature patterns include |
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latitude, altitude, cloud cover, land-water heating differences, ocean currents, and sea-surface temperatures, and general surface conditions. |
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o Thermosphere o Mesosphere o Stratosphere o Troposphere |
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• The transition area at the top of each temperature region is named using the suffix |
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pause, which means to cause change |
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300 mi, 1200 deg C (2200 deg F) |
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50 mi, -90 deg C (-130 deg F) |
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31 mi, 0 deg C (32 deg F) |
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11 mi, -57 deg C (-70 deg F) |
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the energy of motion, the vibrational energy stated as “temperature” |
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temperature we can sense and measure |
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• What physical properties produce a temp decrease with altitude in the troposphere (at the normal lapse rate? |
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• Why do temps increase throughout most of the stratosphere? |
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UV rays are absorbing sun's heat |
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• Normal Lapse Rate of temperature change with altitude is |
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6.4 deg C/1000 m or 3.5 deg F/1000 ft. |
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• Worldwide, mountainous areas experience |
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lower temperatures than do regions nearer sea level, even at similar latitudes. |
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More moderate temp patterns are associated with |
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water bodies compared to more extreme temperatures inland. |
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o Marine, maritime, is used to describe |
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locations that exhibit the moderating influences of the ocean, usually along coastlines or on islands. |
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o Continentality refers to the |
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condition of areas that are less affected by the sea and therefore have a great range between max and mini temps daily and yearly. |
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An isoline on temp maps is known as an |
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points of equal temperature |
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o Our perception of temp is described by the terms |
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apparent temp & sensible temp |
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o Wind-chill factor indicates the |
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enhanced rate at which the body heat is lost to the air |
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As wind speeds increase, |
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heat loss from skin increases |
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