Term
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Definition
| Persistant repeat offenders who organize their lifestyle around criminality. |
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Term
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Definition
| As defined by Marvin Wolfgang, Robert Figlio, and Thorsten Sellin, delinquents arrested five or more times before the age of 18 who commit disproportionate amount of all criminal offenses. |
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Term
| National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) |
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Definition
| The nation's primary sourcee of information on criminal victimization. Each year, data from a national sample measure the frequency, characteristics, and consequences of criminal victimization by such crimes as rape, sexual assault, robbery, assault, theft, household burglary, and motor vehicle theft. |
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Term
| National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) |
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Definition
| A new form of crime data collection created by the FBI requiring local police agencies to provide at least a brief account of each incident and arrest within 22 crime patterns, including the incident, victim, and offender information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The crimes used by the FBI to gauge fluctuations in the overall volume and rate of crime. The offenses included are the violent crimes of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault and the property crimes of burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. |
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Term
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Definition
| All other crimes reported to the FBI; these are less serious crimes and misdemeanors, excluding traffic violations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A research approach that questions large groups of subjects, typically high school students, about teir own participation in deliquent or criminal acts. |
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Term
| Uniform Crime Reports (UCRs) |
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Definition
| The official crime data collected by the FBI from local police departments. |
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Term
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Definition
| The view that people in the lower class of society form a separate culture withi its own values and norms that are in conflict with those of conventional society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Preventing crime before it occurs by means of the threat of criminal sanctions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A view of crime holding that as people travel through the life course, their experiences along the way influence behavior patterns. Behavior changes at each stage of the human experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| A crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties. General deterrence measures, such as long prison sentences for violent crimes, are aimed at convincing the potencial law violater that the pains associated with the crime outweigh the benefits. |
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Term
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Definition
| A view that human behavior is controlled by a master trait, present at birth or soon after, that influences and directs behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The view that most people do not violate the law because of their social bonds to family, peer group, school, and other institutions. If these bonds are weakened or absent, people become free to commit crime. |
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Term
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Definition
| The view that human behavior is learned thrugh observation of human social interactions, either directly from those in close proximity or indirectly from the media. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stratifications, classes, institutions, and groups thaat characterize a society. |
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Term
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Definition
| A crime control policy suggesting that punishment should be severe enough to convince convicted offenders never to repeat their criminal activity. |
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Definition
| The role of the victim in provoking or encouraging criminal behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| An illegal act, or failure to act, when legally required. |
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Term
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Definition
| All law that is not criminal including tort, contract, personal property, maritime, and commercial law. |
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Term
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Definition
| The body of rules that defines crimes, set out their punishmentsm and mandate the procedures for carrying out the criminal justice process. |
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Term
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Definition
| A law that makes an act criminal after it was committed or increases the penalty for a crime retroactively. |
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Term
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Definition
| A defense in which a person states that his or her mental state was so impaired that he or she lacked the capacity to form sufficient intent to be held criminally responsible. |
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Term
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Definition
| A guilty mind: the intent to commit a criminal act. |
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Term
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Definition
| The methods, mandated by federal and state constitutions, that must be followed in obtaining warrants, investigating offenses, effecting lawful arrests, conducting trials, introducing evidence, sentencing convicted offenders, and reviewing cases by appellate courts. |
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Term
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Definition
| To stand by decided cases: the legal principle by which the decision or holding in an earlier case becomes the standard by which subsequent similar cases are judged. |
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Term
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Definition
| A body of specific rules that declare what conduct is criminal and prescribe the punishment to be imposed for such conduct. |
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Term
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Definition
| The law of personal injuries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Illegal behavior that targets the security of computer systems and/or the data accessed and processed by computer networks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Politically motivated attacks designed to compromise the electronic infrastructure of the enemy and to disrupt their economy. |
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