• percent per mass of each material found in an item
• used in mining to determine if a ore is profitable to mine and to find how much of an element is in the ground

• mass of solute/total mass x 100
• also called pph (parts per hundred) 

• H as cation
• sour 
• react with metals

• elements ranked in order of relative reactivity
• the more reactive and element, the harder it is to find it in a pure state

• 2 or more forms of an element that have difference physical or chemical properties
• two forms must be in same state of matter
• diff. properties caused by dif arrangements of atoms 

• Solid combo of 2 or more metal elements
• considered a solid solution
• one way of modifying properties of an element
• brass: copper and zinc
• bronze: copper, tin, and zinc
• steel: iron and carbon
• 14 carrot gold: gold, copper, and silver
• white gold: gold and palladium 

• The location at which oxidation is occurring
• known as positive electrode

• atoms have some attractions between other atoms
• attractions are not chemical bonds
• the stronger the attraction, the harder it is to separate
• explains differences in boiling and melting points

• have OH- as anion, or they produce OH- when dissolved in H20
• bitter
• feels slippery
  

  ---

• metals: as you go down a fam, boiling point goes down 
• nonmetals: as you go down a fam, boiling point does up
• carbon family has highest boiling point

• location at which reduction is occurring
• known as negative electrode

• any change or property that changes the chemical makeup of the matter
• signs of chem change: color change, precipitate, fizzing/bubbling, temp change

• heterogenous
• suspended material

• bonds share electrons
• substances held together by covalent bonds
• molecular substances do not dissolve in H20

• atmosphere- air
• hydrosphere- water
• lithosphere- earth
• crust- top layer of earth, solid
• mantel- (Mg and Fe), fluid like
• Core- (Fe and Ni), solid

a conductor through which electricity enters/leaves and object, substance, or region

• vertical columns on periodic table
• group 1: alkali metals (+1 charge)
• group 2: alkaline metals (+2 charge)
• group 17: Halogens (-1 charge)
• Group 18: Noble Gasses (no charge)
• Group 3-12: Transition Metals

1. amount of useful ore at site
2. percent of metal in an ore
3. type of mining process needed
4. distance from mine to refining facility and markets
5. metals supply vs. deman

1. raw material obtained
2. raw material refined
3. synthesized into desired material
4. made into products
5. reused, recycled, or discarded

• solid compounds containing the element or group of elements of interest
• found in ore

• homogenous- like, same make-up, look like on things
• heterogenous- diff, diff make-up, look like multiple things

• g/mol
• the mass of one mol of a compound in grams per mole
• 1 molecule contains 2 atoms of H and 1 atoms of 0
• 1 mole of water contains 2 moles of H and 1 mole of 0
• equal to atomic mass with units of grams

• counting unit
• represents a number of atoms, molecules, or formula units large enough to be conveniently weighed or measured in the lab

• based on atomic number
• atomic number=number of protons
• distinguishes atoms of different elements
• distinguishes atoms of different atoms

• same amounts in elements of the same family

• based on atomic mass
• worked well for light elements but isotopes caused problems

• reactions that involve the transfer of electrons among reactants
• reductions: chem change in which species gains one or more electrons, aka oxidizing agent
• oxidation: chem change in which species looses one or more electrons, aka reducing agent
• *oxidation & reduction must occur together

• used in coatings
• provides color

• uses direct current electricity to cause REDOX reaction
• used to coat surface of material using chem bonds
• generally known as electroplating
• ex: steal chrome on cars

• newest form of coating technology
• solvent removed and pigment and resin are applied in powder form using spray guns and electricity

• malleable
• shiny/metallic luster
• conduct
• very reactive w/ acids
• reacts w. CuCl2

• brittle
• dull 
• non conductive
• does not react w/ acids
• does not react w/ CuCl2

• francium(Fr)= most reactive element on p.table
• flourine(Fl)=most reactive nonmetal on p.table

• the process of converting a combined metal in a mineral or ore to a free state
• pyrometallurgy: first method used, uses fire
• hydrometallurgy: uses water
• electrometallurgy: uses electricity 

• start w/ most complicated compound
• keep polyatomic ions together if possible
• leave elements by the themselves to the very end
• if it is not working go back & increase coefficient in front of most complicated compound and start over
• *H20 can be written as HOH

• elements that are less conductive than metals but still have some conductive properties
• silicon, geranium, tine, gallium arsenide, cadmium sulfide
• silicon=most common semiconductor, found in most electronics

• any non-zero number is significant
• ex: 202= 3 sig digs, zeros sandwiched by sig digs are significant
• zeros to the left are never significant
• ex: 426.30=5 sig digs, zeros to the right are sig if they are after the decimal
• x & / =# in operation w/ smallest # of sigdigs limits the answer
• + & - = # w/ smallest # of decimals limits the answer

• does the dissolving (ex: water)
• charges dissolve other things w/ charges
• no charge (non polar) dissolve polar things
• gasses dissolve in water

• used in coating
• allows application in liquid form

• need water to grow crops and boil eggs
• need water to make metal
• amount of rain or snow does not always correspond w/ high water use

• heterogenous
• material settles out

lights scattered by solids, shows colloids

• recycle: convert waste into reusable material
• reuse: reuse material for its initial material before it becomes waste

1. filtration: use porous membrane
2. density separation: use when mixture of layers, decanting=to pour one layer off, helpful w/ oil and water
3. Charcoal Absorption: when dissolved & suspended particles are attracted to the surface of charcoal, removes smells, color, & taste
4. Magnetism: put magnet in water, can be used to separate iron & water
5. Distillation

• 97%= ocean
• 2nd largest= ice caps
• water can be found in gaseous, liquid, or solid state
• water from river or lake= surface water
• well= ground water

• dissolve down to molecules
• can have partial charges= polar covalent
• ionic substance do not dissolve in non-polar covalent

• mass/volume
• on a graph density=slop

• factor label method
• start w/ # given in problem
• multiply by factor (ratio of 2#'s that = each other)

• negatively charged
• usually equal to number of protons
• # of electrons and arrangement determines chem and physical props, elements in the same family have similar props
• metals tend to lose electrons from ions
• nonmetals share or gain electrons
• found in electron cloud
• no mass

• reactions that include the movement of electrons
• ex: Cu+2 + 2e- ---> Cu0 

• metals on p.table w/ high atomic mass
• pb=lead, Hg= mercury, both are neurotoxins

• when protons do not equal electrons
• cation= positive charge
• anion= negative charge
• 2 positive/ 2 negatives repel
• ions can be made of 2 or more atoms
• ions w/ 2 or more atoms= polyatomic atoms
• ionic bonding=transfer electrons which cause chem attractions due to charges formed
• ionic compounds=formula units (not molecules)
• *cations are always written 1st

• metal& nonmetal
• when ionic substances dissolve, they dissociate

10-6

• when two or more substances combine & retain individual properties
• physical blends of pure substances
• retain the properties of materials used in the mixture
• easily separated 

• negatively charged
• found in nucleus
• contributes to mass of an atoms

• positive charge
• equal to atomic number

• atoms chemically combine or stand alone
• get new properties when made
• hard to break apart

• provides the desirable protective properties
• used in coating

• amount of solute dissolved in amount of solvent at a given temperature
• concentrated- more solute than solvent
• diluted- more solvent than solute
• unsaturated- has not reached limit
• saturated- limit has been reached
• supersaturated- gone above the threshold
• as temp increases, solubility increases (except gasses, temp increases and solubility decreases)

• homogenous
• solvent- does the dissolving
• solute- being disolved