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| new automated processes in the automobile, auto parts, and machine tool industries. most refined application of the Fordist system of production. Promised to increase output and to reduce labor costs. Could improve working conditions and workers' standard of living - pros. Con, ensure that corporate leaders retained the upper hand in labor-management relations. Had a devastating impact on work forces -- called "grim reaper of jobs". |
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| a monthly annotated guide to recently published books. gradually created a filterning system for printed materials already privileged by cultural authorities outside librarianship |
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| developed in response to industrial revolution. a control technology that includes: impersonal orientation of structure to the information that it processes, with a predetemined formal set of rules governing all decisions and responses. stability assured through regular promotion of career employees based on objective critiera like seniority. |
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| a new automatic programming system that was intended to eliminate the need for skilled programmers altogether, but instead had the effect of elevating the status of programmers. |
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| the emergent praxis in which middle-class people, periodicals, and social institutions of the late 19th and 20th centuries constantly linked commodity ownership and display to possibilities for social advancement. Property becomes the most easily recognized evidence of a reputable degree of success as distinguished from heroic or signal achievement for middle-class people. it becomes indispensable to accumulate and display private property (particularly mass-produced consumer goods) as necessary conditions for acquiring capital of its own. |
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| Copyright Clearance Center |
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| a body representing a consortium of publishers. grants individuals and institutions permission to reproduce copyrighted printed materials on the condition that they agree to pay royalties to the copyright holder. people now turn to ccc for duplication rights and prompted publishers to pursue alleged copyright violations |
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| industrialization meant heavy infusions of capital for the exploitation of things, and resulted in larger and more complex systems characterized by increasing differentiation and interdependence at all levels. Production becomes unbridled due to the fact that it can no longer see limits and only trust to chance, from this comes crises which periodically disturb economic functions |
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| a naive belief in the emancipatory nature of online communication |
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| the forces of capital mobility reshaped the landscape of industrial American and moved from towns and cities to rural hillsides, cleared forests, and former cornfields, and cities were left abandoned. major cities lost jobs, and constructed new facilities in suburban and semirural areas, medium-sized cities etc. Automobile manufacturers were in the vanguard of corporate decentralization -- was a means of reducing wages and inhibiting union militancy in manufacturing cities. |
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| promise to combine the best of print, telephone, and television together into a computerized multimedia resource. a future driven almost 100 percent by the ability of a company's product or services to be rendered in digital form |
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the closing, downsizing, and relocation of plants and sometimes whole industries.
Advances in communication and transportation, the transformation of industrial technology, the acceleration of regional and international economic competition, and the expansion of industry in low-wage regions reshaped the geography of American industrial cities. |
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| the gap between those who do and do not have access to computers and the Internet. the successive types of access: motivational, material or physical, skills, and usage. |
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| traveling salesmen. they scoured the western landscape using every hard-sell technique to gain orders for themselves and their firms. were relied on heavily to compete for business in chicago's hinterland. arosed much criticism through their undercutting too cheaply etc. their commissions depended more on the number of orders they placed rather than the price they received. |
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| an electronic book -- meant to revolutionize the book market. |
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| the combination of mass production and mass consumption to create national prosperity |
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| manufactured products play a more important economic role than agricultural products. factories>farms, cloth>hay, assembly lines>farm laborers. agricultural product went from over a half to a third, manufacturing went from a third to a half. manufacturing facilities were turning out products like canned corn, lightbulbs, etc which were becoming important to every day life. puts more emphasis on cities |
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| Raw materials are more and more highly processed to begin with. people now work at making representations out of other representations. |
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| infrastructure technologies |
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| Whole systems meant to function reliably, invisibly, and perpetually in order to enable other social, political, and economic activities. Noticed when they break down. Replaced when we have exceeded their limits, but wedded to our older infrastructures because abandoning or devaluing them carries great risk. Infrastructures of information and communication provide a special and self-referential case -- bc of the very ability to discover, discuss, and debate the utility of them presupposes a workable technological system of social communication in the first place. |
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| eg, roads and canals. buildling a nation required the circulation of information, the movement of printed materials from across an ocean to the smalltown in the nations interior. basically enabled transportation for communication |
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| correlations of literacy performance with individual socioeconomic status. happens both in school and out. remains susceptible to the complex effects of economic inequity and political discrimination, suggests alternative positions that schools can take up in relationship to their society to strenghten their democratizign influence in literacy and leraning. |
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| management information system |
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| the computer is a tool for managerial control and communication. the electronic computer was gradually reinterpreted in larger organizational terms such as MIS -- was increasingly seen as a source of institutional and professional power |
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| moved his business to chicago right before the chicago commerse boom, he had to go into praries and convince people that they needed a reaper and show them how to use it, which lead him to advertising. he also put together a system where commission agents would go to small towns and moved to different communities and displayed at county fairs . railroads helped move mccormicks reaper all around the upper midwest |
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| created the decimal classification system, a new scheme advocated for organizing all library collections. his energy and library reform interests largely defined librarianship's agenda. envisioned a national public library movement. set up a School of Library Economy. Gave inspiration and how to information, as well as guidance on teh "best reading". |
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| Montgomery Ward and Company |
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| the first mail order company in american history. idea was to avoid the middle mans profit, visual image of the busy hive |
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| a principle, or aspiration, meant to assure that the Internet remains an open system where anyone can publish or connect, and where pricing and technical rules are never biased to favor one user over another even i that user is a very large and wealthy corporation. |
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| dominant institutions of the new society will be intellectual -- research corporations, industrial laboatories, experimental stations, and the universities. no longer primarily a manufacturing industry. ganglion is knowledge. |
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| control can be increased not only by increasing the capability to process information but also by decreasing the amount of information to be processed |
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| trade, finance, insurance and real estate, person, professional, business, and repair services, and general government -- in post-industrial society accounts for more than half of the total employment and more than half of the gross national product |
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| the dissatisfaction with corporate computerization efforts, within context of larger critique of software that was percolating in this period. large software development projects had acquired a reputation for being behind schedule, over budget, and bug ridden. software is a scare item for management -- unprofitable, costly, and unending. |
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| Spanish-English biliteracy |
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| ability to speak both Spanish and English, with low economic value because of the low status given to Spanish and its native spakers |
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| every phase or epoch of capitalism's own distinct geography. the physical character of the economy (way land is used, location of homes and businesses, physical infrastructure that ties everything together) shapes consumption, productin, and innovation. as the economy grows and evolves, so too must the landscape. |
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| a group of "Standard Oil" companies that had a different corporation in each state in which it operated in order to avoid monopoly laws, run by Rockefeller. By 1900, controlled most of the oil produced in Pennsylvania and owned most of new oil fields in other states. allowed rockefeller to have almost a complete stranglehold |
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| centers include: Char-Lanta Corridor, No and SoCal, Houston-San Antonio-Dallas, Tampa-Orlando-Miami. crisis is expected to spread in it. economic malaise of the 1970s was followed by a growth of explosion in it. |
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| In the processof industrialization individuals becom more dependent on one another because they are linked together in large, complex networks that are both physical and socia, making them dependent on one another |
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| employees having a formal agreement with their employers that allows them to spend some part of the working week at some location other than the bureau/office using ICT. Professionals usually working independently. Functional workers undertaking activities such as data entry, data processing and selling goods and services. Work at home and work overtime. |
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| Librarians and library founders generally viewed the American public library as an educational institution with a responsibilty to circulate freely the info required for informed and cultivated American citizenship. capacity to do so was compromised by its nature -- library use voluntary and funding depndeds on community use, librarians yielded to less good choices of citizens. debate between rejecting these compromises, seeing them as unavoidable, or a means to build a relationship with users that would enable librarians to do their best professional work |
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| the primacy of theory over empiricism, and the codification of knowledge into abstract systems of symbols that can be translated into many different and varied circumstances. it has become the matrix of innovation |
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| human and social time and space dimensions tend to widen in the course of history. traditional society is based on direct interaction between people living close to each other. modern societies stretch further and futher across time and space. barriers of time are broken by the spread of customs or traditions. information is stored to be used later or to be passed on to future generations. barriers of space are broekn by the increasing reach of communication and transportation |
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| Google marketing executive from Cairo who was employed to construct the Facebook protest for Khaled Said (an Egyptian who was brutally beaten by police and killed). his protest drew thousands of people and after he returned to egypt he was arrested, and then became a celebrity. |
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