RESPIRATION:

glucose+6O2-->6CO2+6H2O +energy(686kcal/mol)

1.Glycolysis-first step

• Occurs in cytoplasm
• 1 Glucose --> 2 pyruvate +4 ATP (2 net ATP )
• Regulation : allosteric inhibition of phosphofructokinase by ATP
• ATP inhibts phosphofructokinase in step:

Fructose-6-phosphate==> fructose1,6-phosphate

2 sites:

1. Active site- ATP binds--> ADP+ frcustose1,6-bisphosphate
2. Regulatory site- high ATP concentration; enzyme confirm Changes; reaction rates drop dramatically

ATP  ACTS AS ALLOSTERIC REGULATOR! 

Kreb's Cycle- happens in mitochondrion

1.Pyruvate actively transported into Mitochnodrion Through small pores

2.Preparotory step:

Pyruvate==>Actetyl+ CO2

Acetyl+CoA==> oxaloacytate

Results: Substrate level phosphorylation:

1Pyruvate-> 4NADH+1FADH2+GTP(guanosine triphosphate)

If ATP levels are high:

3 points of contorol

1.phosphorylation of dehydragenase=> inhibts activity

2.NADH binds to enzyme's active site==>competitve inhibiton

3. ATP binds to an allosteric regulatory site

Other forms of inhibition:

feedback inhibition occurs when an enzyme that is active early in metabolic pathway is inhibited by a product of the pathway 

Electron Transport Chain+ Chemiosmosis- occurs in inner memberan spase (membrane of cristae)

1. membrane of christae contains ubiquinone(co-enzymeQ):

-not a protein; carbon ring+ispropene tail which makes it hydrophobic and lipid soluble=> can move easily through membrane

3.NADH+FADH2 are proccesed and they differ in electronegativity

reaction goes:

low e.n.=(transfer of e)=> high e.n;potential energy decrease

4.Oxygen is final e acceptor

1. Electrons are pumped from matrix of the mitochondiran through the inner membrane space out to the intermembrane space(interior of cristae)
2. Inside  cristae is  positevly chrage -high concentration of protons<=favors movement od protons into matrix } creates proton-motive force=> ATP IS PRODUCED

1.  4 complexes<=protons are pumped by 3
2. Q and cytochrom C acts as shuttles
3. Q in complex III accepts e from I and II and is being reduced by protons
4. ATP Synthase catalyzes most of ATP production:

•  3 untis;flow of proteins through F0 unit causes stalk to spin; F1 rotates=> confirmation changes; ADP is phosphorylated to ATP

1. Lactic Acid fermenatation: NADH gives e to pyruvate producing  lactate

2.Acetyldehyde accepts e from NADH; CO2  and ethanol is produced