Term
| What are the features of Type A Personality and who came up with it? |
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Definition
- Rosenman and Freedmand
- exaggerated sense of time urgency, competitive and ambitious, hostile and aggressive, and its risk factor for heart disease |
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Term
| What was the Western Collaborative Group Study and who was incharge of it? |
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Definition
- Rosenman
- interviewed 3000 men ages 39-59, assessed type A personality
- followed them up for 8 years-- they were twice as likely to get and die of heart disease but after 22 year follow up this relationship didnt hold up |
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Term
| What is the vicious cycle of hostility? |
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Definition
| - provocation of conflicts, undermines social support, makes environment more stressful which leads to hostility-- vicious cycle of negativity |
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Term
| what is Freud's catharsis hypothesis? |
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Definition
people will be relieved or cleansed by expressing negative emotions.
-research suggests that this isnt true-- actually realted to cardiovascular reactivity and undermine social support |
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Term
| What are 3 things to do to reduce hostility? |
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Definition
1) progressive muscle relaxation
2) self talk
3) cognitive reappraisal training |
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Term
| what is one personality that is related to illness in general? |
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Definition
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Term
| what was Mann's study with optimists? |
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Definition
| - women with HIV medication wrote about positive future for a month to get them to feel more optimistic and their behaviors changed to healthier one and more liekly to take their pills |
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Term
| What was Galen vs Walshe take on cancer and personality? |
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Definition
| - Galen: melancholy women are more liekly to get cancer than sanguine women and Walshe thought the oppostite |
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Term
| What are the difference between nervous and lack of anxiety to cancer prone personality? |
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Definition
Nervous:
- able to have relationships, ego centered focused only on self, and negative views on self
Lack of Anxiety:
- unable to have relationships, put others needs before own, has positive views of self |
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Term
| What are typical studies of cancer prone personality? |
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Definition
| - sample people with cancer and administer them personality tests |
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Term
| What is the meta-analysis of cancer personality studies and who conducted it? |
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Definition
-Mckenna
- associations are weak to significant-- methodlogical flaws |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to detect if she was experiencing pain or not |
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Term
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Definition
| a concsious experience that can occur with or without a pain stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional experience that may accompany pain and can happen in absense of pain |
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Term
| What is nociception and nociceptors? |
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Definition
nociceptors: receptors in the CNS that response to noxious stimuli
noiception: activity in those receptors |
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Term
| what is cartesian dualism? |
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Definition
| - mind and body are seperate and pain is purely physical |
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Term
| What fibers trasmit sharp pain and which transmit dull aching pain? |
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Definition
-A-delta fibers: sharp
- C-delta fibers: dull, aching pain |
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Term
| what is the Gate Control Theory and who came up with it? |
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Definition
-Melzack and Wall
- mechanism in spinal cord called dorsal horn gontrols a gate to the brain allowing nerve impulses to get through ot not depending on activity in the peripheral nervous system and neural activity in brain such as thoughts, expectations and emotions |
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Term
| what does the gate control theory emphasize on? |
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Definition
| CNS mechanisms, can explain pain in terms of peripheral factors and accepts brains as an active system that filters, selects, and modulates inputs |
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Term
| what are 2 problems with gate control theory? |
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Definition
1) suggests pain needs to occur in the presence of some sort of stimulus
2) cant explain phantom limb |
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Term
| What was the Neuromatrix theory of pain and who did it? |
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Definition
-Melzack
- pain is NEUROMODULE, a coordinate program with sensation, motor, emotional, and cognitive components
- once pain signal passes dorsal horn, it enters brain with competes with other meotional and cognitions
-can be set off without any sensory trigger (phantom limb) |
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Term
| what are 5 myths about pain? |
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Definition
1. infants dont feel it
2. using narcotics to treat pain-- addiction
3. longer one endures pain, more painful the memory
4. pain without physical cause is sign of psychological problem
5. pain will never kill you |
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Term
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Definition
| normal phsyical reaction to drug, may need more and more of drug to achieve the same effect |
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Term
| What was the case with Dan Ariely? |
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Definition
| -burn victims, better when nurses gradually take off bandade then just rip it off at once |
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Term
| What is peak pain, end pain, and total pain and who was this study on colonoscopys for 8 intense minutes vs 25 less intense minutes done by? |
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Definition
- peak pain: intensity of pain at worst moment of episode
- end pain: intensity of pain at initial and final moments of episode
- total pain: area under curve
-done by Kahnerman and Frederickson |
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Term
| what immune system is suppressed... |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens with pain in general anethesia? |
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Definition
| nociception happens, but not aware of it but epidural in spinal cord prevents acitivity of nocicpeors |
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Term
| what are 6 ways patient copes with stressful and painful medical |
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Definition
1. sensation info
2. relaxation techniques
3. procedural info
4. emotion management techniques
5. distraction/attention redirection
6. social support/modeling |
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Term
| What is endogenous opioids? |
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Definition
| - brain reduces experience of pain |
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Term
| what are 3 techniques that aid adjustment? |
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Definition
1. having sense of control over events in your life
2. writing about your problems
3. finding meaning in traumatic events |
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Term
| What is the first nursing home study and who did it? |
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Definition
- rodin and langer
- had enhanced control group where they had right to rearrange furniture, decide when and whom to visit, and took care of growing plant and comparison group who didnt have these opportunities. in 18 month follow up, the enhanced control group has much lower mortality rate |
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Term
| what was the second nursing home study and who did it? |
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Definition
- Schulz and Hanusa
- had 3 groups-- prearranged times visited by students, controlled time when students visited, random visits, and no treatment. controlled residents were much happier and hopeful at first but in long run, they were much more depressed after students stopped coming --*importance of control |
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Term
| what were the 3 steps Taylor thought on how to regain lost control with breast cancer patients? |
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Definition
1. patients would get info about situation to understand it
2. patients would find an explanation for situation
3. they would change their behavior to prevent the thing from happening again |
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Term
| What was Pennebakers study? |
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Definition
- had healthy adults write about either personal trauma or trivial topic for 20 min/week for 4 weeks and measured physiological responses and sick days
-trauma writing group had fewer sick days and decreased heart rate, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure
- beneficial effects on immune system |
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Term
| What was the second trauma writing study? |
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Definition
| - asthma patients were randomly assigned to write about trauma or trivial topics 20 min/day for 3 ays and then measured pulmonary function (breath) |
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Term
| What was Cole's study with inhibiting personal information? |
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Definition
| - gay men suffering HIV+ (either non disclosure (closet) or disclosure (out)) and took T-Cell count based on disclosure status-- non disclosure led to mroe rapid disposure of AIDS, suggests inhibiting something very sensual to you had negative consequences |
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Term
| what are 3 problems with the "disclosure helps" hypothesis? |
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Definition
1) writing helped even if you had already disclosed the trauma
2) writing helped even if you knew that nobody would see what you wrote |
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Term
| who did the meaning maintence model and what was it? |
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Definition
- proulz and heine
- showed kafka articles to people and they decreased their meanings in life |
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Term
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Definition
| used bereaved HIV+ men and divided into 3 groups-- those who didnt try to find meaning, those who tried and failed, and those who tried and succeeded. When measured immune outcomes, count those who found meanings CD4 T-Cells didnt decline |
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Term
| what are 5 benefits of health games? |
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Definition
1. learn to manage chronic health conditions
2. learn about health behaviors (healthy eating)
3. increase in physical activity and encourage weight loss
4. increase knowledge about medical conditions
5. improve self efficacy for health behaviors |
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Term
| what was Cacioppo and petty's Reason vs Emotion |
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Definition
Involved audience: appeals to reason ebcause they are processing info more deeply
uninvolved audience: appeals to emotion because they are not even paying attention |
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Term
| What was Leventhal's study and what did he find? |
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Definition
- tested if fear leads to attitude change
- if too low fear-- no change
- nothing to fear-- unhealthy behaviors continue
- if too much fear-- people become defensive |
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Term
| What was with AIDS Education? |
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Definition
| showed extremely emotional AIDS video to get students to practice safer sex |
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Term
| how do people respond to threatening health info? |
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Definition
| - change their health behavior, deny the health info, and affirm the self in alternative domain |
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Term
| What was the Self Affirmation and AIDS Education study? |
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Definition
| - participants after completeing writing assignment (affirmation manipulation) and watching 10 min AIDS education video. self affirmed participants saw themselves as having a greater risk for HIV purchased more condoms and took more brochures |
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Term
| What was Harris and Napper's study on self affirmation |
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Definition
| found that high consumption drinkers, affirmation led to greater message acceptance, more easily imagine this negative health outcomes, and greater intention to reduce alcohol consumption |
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Term
| What was the the Journal of American College Health study? |
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Definition
- participants were given info about risk of binge drinking with one of the 2 conclusions
-dogmatic: “Given this conclusive evidence, the data make it obvious that any reasonable person must acknowledge these conclusions.” |
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Term
| What is the congruency effect? |
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Definition
- health nessages frames to be concordant with indiviuals dispositional motivations will be most effective at leading to behavior change
approach oriented (gain frame better) vs avoidance oriented (loss fame better) |
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Term
| What did Lynam find about DARE? |
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Definition
- according to governemnt studies it is widespread and popular, appeals to all racial and ethnic groups, raises self esteem, and improves attitudes towards the police
- BUT when tested on 6th grade didnt have any affect on long term-- just a feel good program to help kids to avoid drugs and overistimates its ability -- stops short term from kids to start drugs. |
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Term
| What are the assumptions on most health campaigns? |
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Definition
| - if you give people info, it will lead them to change their attitudes and if they change their attitudes about health behaviors this will result in behavior change |
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Term
| What is the Health Belief Model? |
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Definition
- performing a health behavior depends on:
1) belief that there is a health threat (general views, beliefs about vulnerability, beliefs about severity of threat)
2) belief that a behavior can reduce threat (belief the it will work, that benefits of behavior outweigh its risk)
- generally shows who is likely to quit and engage in quitting behaviors and who is not. |
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Term
| What was aiken and West's experiment? |
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Definition
- went to meetings of women's group and did presentation on breast cancer (diff aspects of health belief model) and then women given interventions based on its vulnerability, severity, effectiveness of mammography, and advantages of early detection.
- found targeting components in health belief model was affective in change in health behavior |
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Term
| what were strengths and weaknesses of health belief model? |
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Definition
strengths: includes useful constructs, focuses on peoples beliefs (subjective model)
weaknesses: assumes behavior is rational, assumes ppl have skills to alter behavior, ignores social context of many health behaviors |
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Term
| what model did Fisher come up with? |
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Definition
| the Information Motivation Behavioral Skills Model |
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Term
| what was this model based off of? |
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Definition
¨ For simple behaviors: information and motivation have direct effects on the behavior
¨ For complex behaviors: information and motivation have indirect effects on the behavior (through behavioral skills)
¨ Interventions focus on providing information, increasing motivation, and practicing behaviors/ increasing self-efficacy for behaviors |
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Term
|
Definition
had UCONN undergrads watch AIDS 101 slide show-- boost people efficacy to improving their behavior isntead of changing actual behavior
- intervention significantly improved info, motivation, behavioral intentions, and perceived effectiveness of condoms |
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Term
| What was the diffusion of Innovations theory? |
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Definition
| - sociological model of behavior change based on knowledge, persuasion, behavior change, and confirmation |
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Term
| who came up with this model? |
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Definition
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Term
| whats the opinion leaders take on diffusion of innovations theory? |
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Definition
| - opinion leaders influence other peoples decisions and exert influence informally just by interacting with people |
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Term
| what was Kelly's study on Diffusion of Innovations Model? |
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Definition
- first had bartenders identify opinion leaders and then trained these opinion leaders on safe sex strategies. then had these leaders wear stop light pins and would explain to people what it stood for
- increased condom use and decreased multiple sex partners and men who engaged in unprotective sex. However when tested in comparison city, there were no changes |
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Term
| what was the stages of change theory or trans theoretical model? |
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Definition
| - 10 successful techniques that werent focused on paritcular theory, just looked at successful techniques in various theories-- recognized people are at diff stages in terms of how ready that are to change |
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Term
|
Definition
1. precontimplation stage
2 contemplation stage
3. preparation
4. action
5. maintenance
6. relapse and recycle |
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Term
| What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Stages of Change Theory? |
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Definition
-strengths: practical, realistic, can be used in conjunction with other models
-weaknesses: doesnt really give new techniques, people may be in same stage for diff reasons, doesnt explain how people move from one stage to another |
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Term
| what did Prentice and Miller find in the Social Norms Approach? |
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Definition
mirepresentation of norms-- in Princenton study students thought other students drank a lot more than they actually did
- pluralistic ignorance: belief that one's private attitudes are diff from others even though public behavior is the same as others |
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Term
|
Definition
-Students were informed about the actual norms of drinking on campus (which were lower than students might have thought)
¤ Measured the incidence of alcohol-related problems before and after the campaign began
¤ Students' odds of experiencing one of 10 alcohol- related consequences nearly doubled |
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Term
| What are alcoholism and problem drinking? |
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Definition
¨ Alcoholic: Physical addition, Withdrawal symptoms, High tolerance, Low self control
¨ Problem drinkers: may not have symptoms listed above but substantial social, medical or psychological problems |
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Term
Terms:
Substance Dependence, Tolerance, Craving, Addiction, Withdrawl |
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Definition
1. Substance dependence: tolerance, withdrawal, and compulsive behavior
2. Tolerance: require larger dose of drug to get same effects
3. Craving: conditioned reminders trigger desire to use a substance
4. Addiction: physical/psychological dependence on a substance
5. Withdrawal: Unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms when use stops |
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Term
| What is the Theory of Planned Behavior? |
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Definition
¨ Says that health behavior is the direct result of behavioral intention
¨ Behavioral intentions depend on: Attitude toward action, Subjective norms regarding action (do others agree that this behavior should be done, and do you care what others think?), Perceived behavioral control (self-efficacy: can you control your practice of this particular behavior?) |
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Term
CHAPTER 3:
health locus of control |
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Definition
| measures the degree to which people percieve themselves to be in control of their health, percieve powerful others to be in control of their health or regard cahnce as the major determinent in their health |
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Term
| what is theory of planned behavior? |
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Definition
| - health behavior is direct result of behavioral intention (attitudes toward the specific actions, subjective norm regarding action, and percieved behavioral control) |
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Term
| what is self-determination theory? |
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Definition
| autonomous motivation and percieved competence are fundamental to behavior change-- if experience free will and choice while acting-- self effacacy |
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Term
| cognitive behavioral therapy |
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Definition
| focuses expecially heavily on the beliefs that people hold about their health habits-- target behaviors rather than try to change what they actually believe. |
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Term
| stimulus control interventions |
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Definition
| attempting to alter their health habilts to take 2 appraoches: ridding the environment of discriminative stimuli and creating new discriminative stimuli |
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Term
|
Definition
| trains people to recognize and modifly these internal monologues to promote health behavior change |
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