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| the study of human beings, centers on culture. |
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| knowledge about illness, treatments, causes, procedures, and rituals |
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| Body of stuff (beliefs and behaviors) learned early on (reinforcement) |
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| culture we know seems right and we judge other cultures |
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| people living in groups talking and interacting together -> leads to culture |
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| norms that individuals learn and share as a member of a society. inherited, but not genetic |
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| every society has its own medicine, because medicine is a part of culture |
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looks at a cultural context of health
-largest and fastest growing area in applies anth: |
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| 2 kind of Medical Anthropology |
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RISK: what happens to make people sick (epidemiology/public health)
RESPONSE: what do people do after they're sick (treatment, medicine, medical facilities/specialists) |
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| attempts to explain something/a relationship between variables |
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| broad assumptions that help conceptualize data |
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Every natural being on earth, living and non living, has its own place
Perfection (gods, demi-gods, man)
Becoming (animals and plants)
Nonbeings (rocks and minerals)
Became church law... |
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Because it's all gods plan
began to be questioned as a result of extinction |
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1859 - Charles Darwin
Evidence about natural selection/argues against permanence |
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requires 3 things:
1. Variability in population
2. Heritability (trait must be inheritable)
3. Differential reproductive success (fitness->offspring) |
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Morgan
All human life passes through necessary stages of development |
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| Stages of development (Unilineal Evolution) |
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Definition
1. Savagery (small scale societies)
2. Barbarianism (pottery-> animal/plant domestication -> Iron use)
3. Civilization (urbanization; specialization; hierarchy; taxes; writing) |
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World view explain how and what happened in life. Some world views were magical (savagery), religious (barbarianism), or naturalistic (Civilization)
- These ideas cross over (chapels in hospitals)
ARMCHAIR ANTHROPOLOGIST |
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| "Armchair Anthropologist" |
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| someone who does not do fieldwork... takes note of differences but not similarities |
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Cultural insider's perspective
Outside, objective perspective |
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| Primitive Concepts of Disease |
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Definition
Clements - 1932
1. Sorcery - generally doesn't occur in societies with law people.... a way to keep people at bay
2. Breach of taboo - broken a terrible rule
3. Intrusion of a disease(d) object
4. Intrusion by a spirit (possession) - exorcism; often psychological/neurological illnesses
5. Soul loss - result of trauma/shock
SUSTO: Hispanics - a trauma can displace soul... bringing it back through various methods (PTSD)
All of the above are part of etiology (causes to an illness) and all interconnected in some way. |
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Erwin Ackernecht (1940-1970)
5 things... |
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Definition
Arm Chair anthropologist: Medicine is culturally patterned and function in a configuration.
1. Primitive curing techniques are practically all magical
2. primitive theories about disease and disease treatment were purely cultural
3. Study of medicine should focus not on a single trait, but at the total configuration of culture and the place of medical patterns in the culture.
4.Not one "primitive" medicine but many "primitive medicines"
5. Medical patterns are functionally interrelated |
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system + system change
- looked at medical systems were plastic (changeable)
- Examine responses to culture- change and feedback |
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| Medical Anthropology (became a discipline in...) |
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| Medical anth from 1960s-today |
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Ecological approach taken
Our culture is our environment |
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| relations between living organisms and their environments |
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| all contions and circumstances in one's surroundings |
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| How factors of human biology cultura and environment interact to influence spread and treatment of illness |
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| Critical Medical Anthropology CMA |
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Accessibility to healthcare or treatment in terms of the political economy
- the wealthy have power and access, the poor do not
- Poor people have things working against their health |
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| culturally structured medical theory and practice |
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Body Image
-beauty
-ethnoanatomy
-ethnophysiology |
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Cultural beliefs and conceptualizations about the function, structure, and appearance of the body.
1. Beliefs about eh optimal size and shape of a body (beauty)
2. Beliefs about the body's inner structure (ethnoanatomy)
3. beliefs about how the body functions (ethnophysiology) |
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Permanent changes for beauty
-infant skull deformation
-tooth filing
-scarification
-foot binding
-fattening girls
-tattooing
- large ear and lip ornaments
-circumcision |
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-orthodonicts
-plastic surgery
-body building
-dieting
-adornments of western culture - change our bodies according to concept of what's beautiful
- push up bra
- girdles
- high heels
-cosmetics
-false teeth/eyelashes/fingernails
-deodorant |
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Definition
Humors (energy forces) must be in balance
EXCESS:
Blood - sanguine (rosy and cheerful) HOT
Phlegm - phlegmatic (lazy) COLD
Yellow bile - choleric (cranky)
Black bile - Melancholic (sad) |
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| Blood, Phlegm, Yellow bile, Black bile |
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plumbing model - body orifices are connected by a series of "pipes"
the body as a machine
blood - volume, consistency, temperature, pollution |
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Disease is for doctors (scientific rationality; emphasis is on objective and numerical measurement- individual patients, mind-body dualism)
Illness is for patients |
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| syndromes from which members of a particular group claim AND their culture provides etiology, diagnosis, preventative measures and treatments |
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Witchcraft - purposes
1. explains illnesses that have no other explanations
2. form of social control especially in societies without judicial authorities that effectively deal with social offenses |
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1. Jumbe - witch changes into animal to scare people
2. Dieabliss - turns into a beautiful woman and stalks the person (succubus)
3. Soukwayan - female shapeshifter
4. Lougaron - male shapeshifter |
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key to culture
humans are only animals who cook food |
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man - hunter
woman- gatherers |
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Hunter gatherers
-board, varied diet week to week
- lean meat and fish, fruits, nuts, veggies of various types (complex carbs)
- boom and bust diet |
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- starch based diet (root crops)
- not enough protein
- high carbs, low fat |
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-diet based on superfood crops (things you can grow a lot of on a small amount of land, able to be stored)
-maize, rice, wheat, rye, barley |
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Grain coated with thiamin (b vitamin)
can get boiled off (lack of thiamin - beriberi) |
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niacin (b3)
not enough - pellegra
1. diarrhea
2. dermatitis
3. dementia
4. death |
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ZINC
zinc deficiency disease |
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9 essential amino acids
Some cultures exclude nutrients |
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Marasmus – skeletal people; not enough calories or protein
Kwashiorkor – protuberant belly; swollen liver; enough calories but not enough protein |
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| study of medications used by a particular ethnic group/culture |
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| study of the chemistry and biological action of substances that affect health |
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study of interrelations between culture and plants in the environment
-most traditional medicins are plant based - more than 85%
- plants <--> culture
- medicines
- foods
- construction
- ENCOMPASSES ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY |
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Idea that God/Nature has marked everything with a sign of its purpose
ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES (Sensory properties) |
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if it looks like an eye, its good for your eyes!
Cuts/blood disorders - red plants
jaundince - yellow plants
unpleasant spirits (infection, mental illness) - plants with unpleasant odors (garlic)
Mollify spirits - plants with pleasant odors
Lactation - milky sap
Fertility - plants with profuse flowers/seeds
childbirth - oily plants
aphrodesiact - phallus shaped and sweet tasting |
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| Cultural construction of efficacy |
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Definition
| whether a drug is effective has to do with culture |
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Ruth Benedict
-Apollonian
- Dionysian |
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Definition
(Ethnopsychiatry)
Started school of culture and personality (what is the relationship?)
1. Appolonian cultures - value thinking, intellect, ceremony, formality (japan, brittish, buddhists,)
2. Dionysian cultures - people just tell you how to feel - a different ethic (Spanish, italian) |
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(Psychanth) Oedipus Complex -Trobrian tribes - women live with their mother's brother and children belong to dad. - Blow a hole in Freudian Theory
IN US kids tend to have daddy issues because dad is with them and is the punisher.
When they live in culture the uncle punishes them so the dad is cooool |
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(Psych Anth)
- culture influences psycho-sexual development
SAMOA - saw girls were much happier because there was no rules on the sexuality in the culture like there is in a lot of countries |
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illnesses that exist within population that the people know are there and have explanations on why they happen "crazy ways of being crazy in particular cultures"
amok, hsieh-ping, koro, mal ojo, latah, pihloktok, windigo, susto, anorexia, pet hoarding |
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| Malaysia (only with men) - depressive state when a man has been shamed in some way, they go into a hut and stay in there; yell at people who try to ask what is wrong with them - sudden violent attack |
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| China - go into trance-state in which one is possessed by a dead ancestor |
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| China - belief that one's penis is contracting into abdomen which will eventually cause death |
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| evil eye - belief that certain people have the ability to mess you up with a look; person may not know that they have this ability |
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| east asia - hyper sensitivity and imitative behavior (due to stress) |
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| Carribbean - when a person is cursed by another person, death follows curse, nocebo believe something bad will happen to you so it does (opposite of placebo) |
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| Inuits - arctic hypsteria (S.A.D.) run outside naked, chirp like a bird |
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| Cannibal compulsion towards categorical sister |
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| Latin America - soul loss due to fright PTSD |
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| What happens in the mind happens in the body |
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