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| the school of psychology that studies how humans have adapted the behaviors required for survival in the face of environmental pressures over the long course of evolution |
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| sociocultural perspective (approach) |
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Social and Cultural influences on behavior that are often studied within the broader context
working together holestically
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Observer bias is quite similar to Demand Characteristics except that the bias is with the "observers" of the research
observer bias occurs when the observers (or researcher team) know the goals of the study or the hypotheses and allow this knowledge to influence their observations during the study.
For example, if an observer knows that the researcher hypothesized that females speak in more complex sentences, they may believe they hear females speaking that way during the study even if it's not really true.
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| the first formal school of thought in psychology, which endeavored to analyze the basic elements, or structure, of the conscious mental experience |
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| a prediction about a relationship between two or more variables |
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all of the sensory and motor neurons that transmit messages between the brain and the parts of the body that make it possible to sense the envirnment and to more
example: skin & joints |
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| a cognitive process that includes encoding, storage, and retrieval of information |
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| an identifiable feeling state including psychological arousal, a cognitive appraisal of the situation or stimulus causing that internal body state, and an outward behavior expressing the state |
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| in a neuron, the branchlike extensions of the cell body that receive signals from other neurons |
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| the slender, tail-like extension of the neuron that transmits signals to the dendrites or cell bodies of other neurons and to muscles, glands, and other parts of the body |
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| the specialized cells that conduct impulses through the nervous system and contain three major parts -cell body, dendrites and an axon |
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| the language area in the left temporal lobe involved in comprehending the spoken work and in formulating coherent speech and written language |
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| gland that secrets parathormone, a hormone that regulates the amount of calcium in the blood |
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| each taste bud has 60 - 100 recpetor cells |
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| the theory that an area in the spinal cord acts as a gate that either blocks or transmits pain messages to the brain |
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| a gesture executed with the facial muscles |
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| figure ground relationships |
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the object (figure) stands out from the back ground (ground)
example white vase in front of back background |
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| a sleep disorder characterised by periods during sleep when stop breathing and the individual must awaken briefly in order to breath |
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- stage 1 - transition from waking to sleeping - irregular waves with occasional alpha waves
- stage 2 - transition from lighter to deeper sleep, sleep spindles (waves with alternating periods of calm and flashes of intense activity) appear
- stage 3 - deeper sleep, slow wave sleep begins when EEG shoes 20% of Brain waves are delta waves
- stage 4 -deepest sleep, stage 4 sleep begins when 50% of waves are delta waves, about 40 min later, delta waves disappear
- return to stage 1 sleep from stage 4-3-2-1
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| the brain - wave patter associated with slowest wave (deep) sleep |
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A colorless or white crystalline alkaloid,extracted from coca leaves, sometimes used in medicine as a local anesthetic especially for the eyes, nose, or throat and widely used as an illicit drug for its euphoric and stimulating effects.
constricts blood vessels, raises blood pressure, speeds up the heart quickens respiration and can even cause epileptic seizures |
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| one of the first "founders" to systematically study behavior and the mental process |
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- conducted the first experimental studies on learning and memory
- invented the nonsense syllable
- consonant -vowel-consonant combination that does not spell a work and is used in memory research
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| investigated what they called very long term memory (VLTM). Nearly 400 participants aged 17 – 74 were tested. |
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- researchers who won a Nobel prize for their work in 1981 on the primary visual cortex
- inserted tiny microelectrodes and could tell what was happening in individual cells
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| the regular recurrence in cycles of approximately 24 hours from one stated point to another, e.g., certain biological activities that occur at that interval regardless of constant darkness or other conditions of illumination. |
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| an incurable sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep |
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| a category of drugs that speeds up activity in the central nervous system, suppresses appetite, and can cause a person to feel more awake, alert, and energetic also called uppers |
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| Kohler also experimented with chickens but to a lesser extent than with the apes. He trained chickens to peck at a gray board when shown with a black board, then observed them peck at a white board when shown with a gray board. He reasoned that they were able to see the relationship between the stimuli, instead of simply learning a single task. Kohler called this process “transposition,” which can be seen in humans when one transfers the knowledge from one situation to another (Zawidzki, 2004). |
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| an increase in the frequency of a behavior that occurs as the result of consequences that the behavior produces |
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| a decrease in the frequency of a behavior cause by some kind of consequences |
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- A thing predicted; a forecast.
- The action of predicting something.
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| a type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another |
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| a false perception or misperception of an actual stimulus in the environment |
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| the type of declarative memory that records events that have been subjectively experienced |
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| the cause of forgetting that occurs when information was never put in long term memory |
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| events or objects in the environment to which an organism responds |
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| the memory system with a virtually unlimited compactly that contains vast stores of a persons permanent or relatively permanent memories |
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| the subsystem within long term memory that stores facts information and personal life events that can be brought to mind verbally or in the form of images and then declared or stated also called explicit memory |
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| a memory task in which a person must produce required information by searching memory |
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| the act of purposely repeating information to maintain in short term memory |
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| symapthetic nervous system |
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| the division of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the bodies resources during stress and emergencies preparing the body for action |
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| an impairment in the physical ability to produce speach sounds or in extreme cases the inability to speak at all caused by damage to broca's |
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| the passage of a neural impulse across a synapse from one nerve fiber to another by means of a neurotransmitter. |
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| a relationship between two variables in which both vary in the same direction |
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| a small influencial brain strucure that regulates hunger, thurst, sexual behavior, internal body temperture other body functions and a wide varity emotional behaviors |
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