Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Midterm
CH 1,2,5,7,8,10,13,&14
100
Management
Undergraduate 4
10/08/2012

Additional Management Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
technical skills
Definition
knowledge and proficiency in a specific field
Term
human skills
Definition
the ability to work well with other people
Term
conceptual skills
Definition
the ability to think and conceptualize about abstract and complex situations concerning the organization
Term
which needs more conceptual?
Definition
top managers
Term
which needs more technical?
Definition
lower managers
Term
economic environment
Definition
interest rates, inflation, changes in disposable income, stock fluctuations, and business cycle stages
Term
demographic environment
Definition
concerned with trends in population characteristics: age, race, gender, etc.
Term
political/legal environment
Definition
looks at federal, state, and local laws as well as global laws and ones of other countries
Term
sociocultural environment
Definition
values, attitudes, trends, traditions, lifestyles, beliefs, tastes, and patterns of behavior
Term
uncertainty
Definition
the degree of change and complexity in an organizations environment (dynamic vs. stable)
Term
complexity
Definition
the number of components in an organization's environment and the extent of the org's knowledge about those
Term
perception
Definition
based on what they experience with the organization
Term
descriptive
Definition
concerned with how they can perceive/describe it
Term
workplace spirituality
Definition
a culture in which organization values promote a sense of meaningful work taking place in the context of community
Term
social obligation
Definition
the obligation of a business to meet its economic and legal responsibilities and nothing more (the classic view)
Term
social responsiveness
Definition
when a firm engages in social actions in response to some popular social need
Term
social responsibility
Definition
businesses' intention, beyond its legal and economic obligations to do the right things and act in ways that are good for society (socioeconomic view)
Term
LEGAL (levels of involvement)
Definition
simply doing what is required legally
Term
MARKET (LoI)
Definition
respond to environmental preferences of customers
Term
STAKEHOLDER (LoI)
Definition
works to meet environmental demands of multiple stakeholders; employees, suppliers, or community
Term
ACTIVIST (LoI)
Definition
looks for ways to protect the earth's natural resources
Term
Pre-conventional
Definition
- sticking to the rules to avoid physical punishment
- following rules only where doing so is your immediate interest
Term
Conventional
Definition
- living up to what is expected by people close to you
- maintaining conventional order by fulfilling obligations to which you have agreed
Term
Principled
Definition
- valuing rights of others and upholding absolute values and rights regardless of majority's opinion
- following self-chosen ethical principles even if they violate the law
Term
employees who face ethical dilemmas need __________ ____________ so they can do what is right without fear of reprimand.
Definition
positive mechanisms
Term
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)
Definition
it's illegal to corrupt a foreign official, yet "token" payments to officials are permissible when doing so is an accepted practice in the country
Term
whistle-blower
Definition
individuals who raise ethical concerns or issues to others
Term
what act protects whistle-blowers?
Definition
SOX Act
Term
structured problems
Definition
- straight forward
Term
unstructured problems
Definition
- new or unusual (not a lot of information); ambiguous
Term
programmed decisions
Definition
- lower level chooses
- information readily available
Term
non-programmed decisions
Definition
- upper level chooses
- information ambiguous
- goals are vague
- longer time frame
- relies on judgement
Term
bounded rationality
Definition
decision making that is rational, but limited by an individual's ability to process information
Term
satisfice
Definition
accepting solutions that are "good enough"
Term
Decision Making Process
Definition
1. identify problem
2. develop, analyze, and select alternatives
3. implement decision
4. evaluate to improve
Term
intuitive decision making
Definition
making decision on the basis of experience, feeling, and accumulated judgment
Term
components of intuitive decision making
Definition
1. experience-based
2. affect-initiated (feelings or emotions)
3. cognitive-based (skills, knowledge, training)
4. subconscious mental processing
5. values or ethics-based
Term
linear thinking style
Definition
a person's tendency to use external data/facts; the habit of processing information through rational, logical thinking
Term
non-linear thinking style
Definition
a person's preference for internal sources of information; a method of processing this information with internal insights, feeling, and hunches
Term
heuristics
Definition
using "rules of thumb" to simplify decision making
Term
overconfidence bias
Definition
holding unrealistically positive views of oneself and one's performance
Term
immediate gratification bias
Definition
choosing alternatives that offer immediate rewards and avoid immediate costs
Term
anchoring effect
Definition
fixating on initial information and ignoring subsequent information
Term
selective perception bias
Definition
selecting, organizing, and interpreting events based on the decision maker's biased perceptions
Term
confirmation bias
Definition
seeking out information that reaffirms past choices while discounting contradictory information
Term
framing bias
Definition
selecting and highlighting certain aspects of a situation while ignoring other aspects
Term
availability bias
Definition
losing decision-making objectivity by focusing on the most recent events
Term
representation bias
Definition
drawing analogies and seeing identical situations when none exist
Term
randomness bias
Definition
creating unfounded meaning out of random events
Term
sunk cost errors
Definition
forgetting that current actions cannot influence past events and relate only to future consequences
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
taking quick credit for successes and blaming outside factors and failures
Term
hindsight bias
Definition
mistakenly believing that an event could have been predicted once the actual outcome is known (after-the-fact)
Term
forming
Definition
- 1st stage
- people join the group and then define the group's purpose, structure, and leadership
Term
storming
Definition
- 2nd stage
- characterized by intragroup conflict about who will be leading and what they'll be doing
Term
norming
Definition
- 3rd stage
- close relationships develop and the group becomes cohesive
Term
performing
Definition
- 4th stage
- everything starts to work and begin working on task
Term
adjorning
Definition
- last stage
- group prepares to disband focusing on wrapping up activities
Term
groupthink
Definition
when a group exerts extensive pressure on an individual to align his or her opinion with that of others
Term
status
Definition
a prestige grading, position, or rank within a group
Term
social loafing
Definition
the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually
Term
group cohesiveness
Definition
the degree to which group members are attracted to one another and share the group's goals
Term
traditional view of conflict
Definition
the view that all conflict is bad and must be avoided
Term
human relation view of conflict
Definition
the view that conflict is a natural and inevitable outcome in any group
Term
interactionist view of conflict
Definition
the view that some conflict is necessary for a group to perform effectively
Term
functional conflict
Definition
conflicts that support a group's goals and improve its performance
Term
dysfunctional conflict
Definition
destructive and prevents a group from achieving its goals
Term
task conflict
Definition
relates to the content and goals of the work
Term
relationship conflict
Definition
focuses on interpersonal relations
Term
process conflict
Definition
refers to how the work gets done
Term
problem solving teams
Definition
teams from the same department or functional area involved in efforts to improve work activities or to solve specific problems
Term
self-managed teams
Definition
formal group of employees who operate without a manager and are responsible for a complete work process or segment
Term
cross-functional
Definition
composed of individuals from various functional specialties
Term
virtual team
Definition
- uses technology to link physically dispersed members in order to achieve a common goal
- tend to be more task-oriented
Term
employee productivity
Definition
performance measure of effectiveness and efficiency
Term
attitudes
Definition
evaluative statements
Term
cognitive component
Definition
the part of an attitude that's made up of the beliefs, opinions, knowledge, or information held by a person
Term
affective component
Definition
the emotional or feeling part of an attitude
Term
behavioral component
Definition
the part that refers to an intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something
Term
job satisfaction
Definition
an employee's general attitude toward his/her job
Term
job involvement
Definition
the degree to which an employee identifies with his/her job, actively participates in it and considers his/her job performance to be important to self-worth
Term
organization commitment
Definition
identifies with goals and wishes to maintain membership in that organization
Term
perceived organization support
Definition
believe that their organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being
Term
employee engagement
Definition
when employees are connected to, satisfied with, and are enthusiastic about their jobs
Term
cognitive dissonance
Definition
any incompatibility or inconsistency between attitudes or between behavior and attitudes
Term
personality
Definition
the unique combination of emotional, thought, and behavioral patterns that affect how a person reacts to situations and interacts with others
Term
BIG FIVE MODEL
Definition
1. extraversion
2. agreeableness
3. conscientiousness
4. emotional stability
5. openness to experience
Term
machiavellianism
Definition
a measure of the degree to which people are pragmatic, maintain emotional distance, and believe that ends justify means
Term
self-esteem
Definition
an individual's degree of like or dislike for him/herself
Term
self-monitoring
Definition
a personality trait that measures the ability to adjust behavior to external situational factors
Term
proactive personality
Definition
a trait belonging to people who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs
Term
resilience
Definition
an individual's ability to overcome challenges and turn them into opportunities
Term
EI
Definition
the ability to notice and to manage emotional cues and information
Term
attribution theory
Definition
how the actions of individuals are perceived by others depends on what meaning (causation) we attribute to a given behavior
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and to overestimate the influence of internal or personal factors
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
the tendency of individuals to attribute their successes to internal factors while blaming personal failures on external factors
Term
assumed similarity
Definition
the assumption that others are like oneself
Term
halo effect
Definition
a general impression of an individual based on a single characteristic
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
a theory of learning that says behavior is a function of its consequences
Term
operant behavior
Definition
voluntary or learned behaviors
Term
social learning theory
Definition
a theory of learning that says people can learn through observation and direct experience
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