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Definition
| Either my view or your view makes sense but not both |
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obtaining more info is ineffective because of filtering of ego
Cannot prove who is right/wrong because of bias
There is no truth |
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Definition
make sense and understand self
find solution through wisdom |
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| Stereotyping and Terror Management Theory (TMT) |
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Definition
David Schneider - stereotyping is shorthand for describing people; self-defeating
Solomon, Greenberg, Pyszczynski - fear of other
- Distance and violence
- Increased self-esteem vs. increased
self-understanding
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Definition
| only one view can make sense |
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| conscious and sub-conscious fear |
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| Indirect method of combating fear |
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Definition
| cultivate emotional and spiritual intelligence |
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Definition
| knowledge without understanding |
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| cannot learn from past without knowing history |
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| need more coherent method |
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| Belief of God, cosmos, hereafter |
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| methods to fulfill purpose |
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| Jewish enslavement in Egypt |
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| Jews established in Canaan (Israel) |
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second sacred temple destroyed
-Diaspora occurs |
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| scattering of Jews across Middle East causes Rabbinic Judaism to begin |
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| Jews expulsed from Spain and settle in Morocco and Turkey |
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| Jews return to Palestine which was ruled by Ottoman Empire until end of WWI |
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| British lord declares Jews have home in Palestine |
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| State of Israel Established |
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Pentateuch - 5 books of Moses
Tenakh - 5 books of Moses, Nev'im, and Ketuvim
Jewish learning |
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"Study" or "repetition"
Written records of oral Torah
dated 200 CE
established social, economic, and religious law (Kosher or Kashrut) |
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Definition
"teaching" and "study"
Mishnah plus Gemara
Written in Hebrew and Aramaic
dated either Palestinian 4th century or Babylonian 5th century |
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"Investigation"
70CE to Middle Ages
Two types of commentary: Halakha and Aggada |
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Definition
| jurisprudence (teach to derive laws) |
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Zohar, Mystics, Non-mystics, Hasidism
Dated 2nd century (Rabbi Shimon Bar) or 13th century (Moses de Leon) |
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Definition
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| believe connection with God and life |
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Definition
| preparation for afterlife |
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Definition
| mystics in 18th cent Europe |
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God: personal, Shema, justice, moral, kind
Exodus: God is powerful, concerned for man
Covenant at Mt. Sinai: Jews are chosen |
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Definition
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Definition
World is God's Creation
Spirit world is hard to grasp
World is good
Keep covenant to keep world within God's will |
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Definition
Olam Haba
Differing beliefs:
World started by man or God
Restorative or Utopian world to come
Devine Kingdom or perfect human society
Common Beliefs:
Improvement of world
Establish Israel |
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Term
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Definition
"the world to come"
Messianic age - resurrection of bodies |
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Definition
Created in God's image
Always accompanied by God
Born as sinners and have free will |
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Definition
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Definition
Guild - use dances to create ecstasy
Pre-writing - given revelations about individual injustice (eg. Elijah)
Writing - revelations of group/social injustice |
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Definition
"anointed one"
Especially strong during Babylonian exile (586-538BCE) and after Dispora |
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Definition
Birth - through mother's line
Faith, Observance, Nation of Israel
Culture: lore - torah, mishnah, talmud, misdrash |
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Definition
Established 1948
Reason for establishment:
Security, limit minority, keep culture, construct Utopian society |
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Definition
| separation of church and state |
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Definition
| Jewish law is law of land |
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Term
| Faculties of Jewish Consciousness |
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Definition
Intellect - discern good from evil
Heart/Soul - where man can love God
Spirit - where man can serve God |
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Term
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Definition
Neshama - higher, drawn to God
Ruach - middle, man makes choices
Nefesh - no choice, drawn away from God |
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Term
| Jewish States of Consciousness |
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Definition
Fear of evil is possible but not necessary
Suffering occurs but not meaningless
Good and evil impulses |
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Term
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Definition
Fulfill covenant with God:
Serve and worship
Prepare for Messianic Age
Conform world to God's will |
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Term
| How do you life piously in Judaism? |
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Definition
See all life's joys coming form God
Traditions: Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur
Live studiously: study Torah
Live Enjoyably: L'chaim |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| eve of 9/21 and day of 9/22 |
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Term
| Two major Jewish tensions |
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Definition
After Holocaust many Jews stopped believing in God
Jewish ethics vs. Palestinian rights |
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Definition
born 4 BCE in Nazareth, Palestine
Teaching: 3yrs teaching near Sea of Galilee
Crucification: age 33 |
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Term
| 4 Responses to Severe Taxation of Jews |
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Definition
Sudduces - everything is okay, not affected much
Essenes - world is corrupt so wanted to start own society and only worry about religion and spirituality
Pharisees - possible to keep covenant in present state of existence
Zealots - wanted to rebel against Romans |
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Definition
What they saw Jesus doing
What they heard Jesus saying
What they felt |
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Definition
literally: "seeing together" or "commonalities"
Matthew: some believe oldest of 3
Mark: most believe oldest of 3
Luke: written for Greek Hellenic audiences |
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Term
| Source of Synoptic Gospels |
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Definition
Quelle - could be source of all 3
Q (lost source) and Mark could be source for Matthew and Luke |
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Definition
Jesus is Messiah, son of God
Said to be written anonymously
Is not reliable source |
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Definition
Disciples' Experience
Gospel
Ixthus
Incarnation
Attonment
Trinity |
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Term
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Definition
"good news"
Anyone can know Jesus' love |
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Definition
literally: "fish"
Isis - Christ
Xristos - Christ
Theo - God
Uios - son of
Soter - savior |
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Term
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Definition
4th Council (451CE) in Chalcedon: Jesus is truly God and man
1st Eumenical Council (325CE) in Nicea: Jesus and God are one; countered Arian heresy that Christ isn't divine |
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Definition
lit: "recovering wholeness"
Bridges gulf between God and man
Middle Ages: believe Christs' life/death was compensation for Adam and Eve |
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Term
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Definition
| Relationship with God needs infinite love, lover, beloved, and love itself |
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Term
| All people in Christianity |
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Definition
Created in God's image (good qualities)
Flawed by sin |
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Term
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Definition
"Messiah folk" (name given by others)
"Ekklesia" meaning "called out"
Righteous - saved will have eternal life |
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Term
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Definition
Perfect - Christ and Spirit in people
Fallible - humans are fallible and for that reason can always be criticized
Visible - know they are Christians
Invisible - live piously but members of different religions |
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Term
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Definition
Katholikos - ("universal") embraces whole
Church as authority
church as sacramental agent (methodological)
Individuals cannot interpret bible |
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Definition
Christians are a body
Priests aren't celibate
Broke from Catholicism in 1054
Differs in belief of unanimity
Theosis |
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Term
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Definition
| union with God that should be aim of every life |
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Term
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Definition
Roman Catholic: reached through church
Eastern Orthodox: reached through consensus through ecumenical councils |
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Term
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Definition
Justification by faith - get right with God by faith
Philosophical Principle - don't absolutize the relative
Theological - no false idols
Priests are only human
Bible speaks to everyone directly |
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Definition
Mind - understand scripture and love God
Hearts - pure and aware of God and love God
Souls - love of God to varying degrees; can be destroyed in Hell
Spirit - not tempted to sin
Flesh - weak and succumbs to temptation |
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Term
| Christian states of consciousness |
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Definition
Fear - especially fear of death
Guilt - for sinning
Egotism
Love |
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Term
| Teleology in Christianity |
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Definition
| Salvation - finding rest for souls, seeing and loving God with all of being |
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Term
| Methodology in Christianity |
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Definition
| Faith, Sacraments, Mystical Identification with stages of Crucifixion |
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Term
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Definition
removes fear, guilt, and egotism
Locked with in all as wealth of love
Christ's unconditional love |
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Term
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Definition
Baptism, confirmation, Holy Matrimony, Orders (for monks, nuns, and priests)
Sacraments of Sick - when dying
Reconciliation - confession
Mass - Holy Eucharist/ Communion |
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Term
| Identification with stages of crucifixion |
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Definition
Alienation from God - Jesus is with you on darkest days
Entrusting self to God
Resurrecting with God |
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Term
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Definition
| Constantine signed Edict of Milan ending Roman Persecution |
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Term
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Definition
| Christianity becomes official religion of Holy Roman Empire |
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Definition
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther dies 1546 |
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Definition
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| everyone is born Islam and a sense of surrender to God and environment turns people away |
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Definition
560 - born in Mecca; grew up in mostly pagan area
610 - M. meditation in a cave and revelation; persecution ensued
622 - M. goes to Medina
632 - Medina is attacked to wipe out Muslims; Muhammad dies |
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Definition
Sunnis - elders should choose Muhammad's successor
Shi'is - believe Ali should succeed M.
Wahhabi - Salafis: Takfir
Sufis
Rightly Guided Caliphs - 1st 4 leaders of religion after Muhammad
Dynasties and Capitals - after Caliphs, many dynasties and capitals arose |
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Definition
1.2 billion worldwide
6-9 million in U.S.
156 million in Indonesia (highest Muslim population in world) |
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Definition
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Definition
Collected from 610-632
Written in Arabic
Divine revelation in book form
Used to see sign of God in everything
an ayah (ayat allah or ayatolla) - sign of God |
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Term
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Definition
example of the prophet
Hadith - tale of Muhammad's life and traditions
Ijma("consensus")- if you love God, follow Muhammad; what is true and false in the Hadith
Quiyas("reason") - use mind
Intuition (in Sufism) - cultivate intuition because it can lead to good ethical life
Living Shaykhs - elders |
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Definition
Allah ("God")
99 names for GOd
Benevolent of Wrathful
Beautiful or Awesome
Immanent and transcendent
Creator |
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Term
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Definition
Creation:
Signs of God
Jinn ("non-material")
Satan
Free will
Manifestation - everything has relationship with divine
Theophany - all manifestations connected to God through name
People are born over and over
Material world - everything physical, manifest, multiplicity
Phenomena - everything comes to being in time
Non-temporal - everything is eternal and simultaneous
God vs ghayr ("other than God") - everything other than God is only relatively real |
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Term
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Definition
Last days: Mandhi will return with Jesus and vanquish evil
Resurrection and Judgement:
Absolutely - some say people from Hell will rise to Heaven eventually and everything is annihilated except God
Relatively - everything is annihilated |
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Term
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Definition
everyone is servant of God
Everyone is God's creation
Some have clearer images of God
Everyone is God's Khalifah ("representative") |
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Term
| Religious Identities in Islam |
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Definition
Muslim
Generic
Formal - Sufi, Sunni, Shi'i
Mufti - someone who issues a fatwa(decree)
Mu'mim - a believer
Muhsin - one who acts in beautiful ways
Mujahid - involved in jihad (struggle)
Martyr - does something for God's sake w/o egotism
Believers - give hearts to God
Polytheist - Muwahhid and Mushrik
Imams - started with Ali; anyone who leads a prayer |
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Term
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Definition
Man/Woman, Husband/Wife
Father/Mother - relationship with mother is way to learn love
Members of Umma(all Muslims)
Tribal Identity - after Muhammad there was a feeling of tribal unity |
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Term
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Definition
'alim - general word for scholar
faqih - law
Mufti - issues fatwahs
Mulla - religious teacher
Shaykh - elder |
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Term
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Definition
Devotees
have living spiritual guides
Little ego compulsion (poor ego)
Union with God |
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Term
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Definition
Worship, know, surrender to God
Achieve salvation
Ecstatic Union (Sufis) |
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Definition
Shari'a and Sunnah - achieve purpose by following divine law
5 Pillars of Islam:
Shahada - la-ilaha ill Allah
Prayer
alms
Fasting
Hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca
Supererogatory Acts:
Remember God at all times
Follow sufi path |
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| "consensus"; what is true and fake in Hadith |
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"the guided one"
the 12th imam |
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| one who acts in beautiful ways |
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