Christianity can be classified in 3 categories:

1.)    Eastern Orthodox Church (ancient movement; origins in Jerusalem)

2.)    Roman Catholic

3.)    Protestant Christianity

Original testament written in... which was the main language of the era

Liturgy

5 bishops:

Resented the fact that Rome was too powerful- it believed that all churches were decision makers, but Rome has the final decision on all.Excommunication between Rome and the Orthodox churches.

Rome would not say bishops are equal, roman pope is above them

In 1054 the churches break with Rome; The bishop of Constaninople is the first among equals

South: Catholic (South France, Italy, South Germany)

North: turned protestant

*this lead to horrific wars  and then sewed the seeds of secularization.

was in the Eastern German city of Wittenberg.  He became dissatisfied and protested against practices of the church. This became known as the protestant Reformation. Luther for several reasons was able to get away with questioning authority, which is new. We have inherited Luther’s way of thinking and investigating. His protest began to crack apart the Roman church.

The Enlightenment: the holy roman empire, used to be based around state church, begins to break up during modern era, rise of nation state (we belong to Pope, we’re german, we’re English) with a new reliance on reason rather than based on what the authorities say

Church of England

 identified with the age of European expansion; they took their culture, way of life, language (everywhere south of rio grande, everyone speaks language of spain and Portugal)

The Europeans had technology more advanced than the places they visited- they would go to place and in a few years eradicate everything- they had better sails, ships, metal, moving parts, harness explosive powers .

 1492- Columbus sets sail with fleet of ships, land on Caribbean islands, thought they got there, so called people Indians although they were not in India.

greatest Christian missionaries of all time; group intended to be loyal to Rome, celebate monks, missionary zeal, emphasis on renewal and the counter Reformation (tried to keep people away from Protestant movement)

former soldier wounded in battle by a cannon ball. Had orders. It became very successful, grew in power and influence, surpassed power of Pope, strong academic tradition, rigorous training

Most famous missionary above st. paul, lived in early 1500s, took Roman Catholicsm all over the world

Key to Jesuits missionary success:

they always assimilated and became like the people They researched, became more like the people and then brought the bible. However, many Jesuits were accused of syncretism (selling your soul to spread the gospel)

In 1542, Xavier based himself in Goa, found Christians there and found that they were speaking Syriac (which is a decsendent of Aramaic) and followed Orthodox religion. Followed Apostle Thomas (AD 52) and to today call themselves Thomas Christians.

Chinese: called Nestorians by Roman Catholic church

(means heretics: meaning majority declared a view incorrect); this is a unique group that goes back to 400s, when they were first called heretical.

Nestorians believe that Jesus is two persons (one human, one divine)

Mary is not the “Mother of God” (Theotokos) while Orthodox Christians declared: Hail Mary, full of grace, “mother of God”

missionary in China; problem with assimilation: some people wanted others to be just like them and other missionaries tried to be more like the culture they were visitng.

Chinese Rites controversy: could Christian converts worship their ancestors still?

Egypt and Monophysitism

Batolome due Las Casas: Spanish priest involved in the conquering of Cuba. He surrendered his slaves, eventually became the bishop of Guatemala, refused to eliminate sins from anyone who would not give up slaves.

Pope Alexander 6^th: split Latin America into two; huge land grants are dulled out to nobility and gentlemen. Pope said you can have land as long as it is evangelized.

Reductions Reducciones: conflict became highly problematic. It was an autonomous village so no missionary from spain or Portugal could impact them. Thereby, the missionaries were protected from slavery by their protectors from the Roman Catholic church. These missionaries were direct workers of the Pope.

Hernan Cortes &Francisco Pizarro: famous missionaries and explorers of the Americas

Juan Diego incident: the Aztecs had a goddess named Tonantzin “the mother of the gods” who was easily transformed into Mary.

St. Augustine, Florida 1885

Jacques Cartiert

Champlain

 Jacques Marquette

French were exploring the St. Lawrence river with French explorer Jacques Cartier. He was sailing in 1535 looking for China, despite being in Canada.

They did not establish a continuous settlement till 1600s with Champlain.

Jesuits took leading role in Quebec area with Jacques Marquette.

Colony of Maryland: Lord Baltimore 1832; English Catholics comprised Maryland. By this time England was declared Protestant, so many English Catholics found refuge in the New World.

Industrial revolution: immigration by Ireland and Italy; both almost always Catholic.

What does protestantism lead to? describe! ya!

Protestantism leads to bewildering diversity; this was especially true in North America with all the denominations

Disciples of Christ, Christians, Churches of Christ (no instruments in worships)

Disciples of Christ: later Church of Christ, movement was ecumenical because they just wanted to be followers of Jesus or Christians only.

Seventh day Adventist: Baptist minister William Miller (millerites) met on the seventh day, Saturday, world wide denomination of 15 million members.  Came under influence of Helen White and she took primary leadership of community.

Jehovah’s witnesses: claimed end of the world is coming; common in 1800s in America. Famous journal= watch tower. They meet in kingdom halls, not churches, believe that only 144,000 will be saved, salvation will be on earth, not some distant place. 7 million active members, growing in southern hemisphere.

Christian Science: (church of Christ science) Mary Baker Eddy (know this name) Her spine was bad, she thinks God healed it and wrote a book called “science and health.” There was a time when they were huge in New England, not so much now.

Mormons or Church of Christ Latter day saints:

Joseph Smith thought god ordained him as a leader. Wrote Book of mormon.

Later, he authored two more books. The mormon church has five books they use: New and Old Testament, Book of mormon and smith’s other two books.

mith had many wives as did the other leaders, so they moved to Utah to escape persecution. They wanted statehood, but America said no polygamy! This is where the divide begins. Mormons can have soda, but no tea or coffee, cuz its not good to alter mind. 12 million members; one of biggest American founded groups; half are in America.

Protestant Missions

when did they begin?

when was their high point?

what are they critized and praised for? 

1700s-Protestant Missions begin in earnest.

They hit their high point in the late 1800s. Had a lot to do with British colonial expansion.

Often critiqued and praised: brought education, training, hospitals, modern science, vaccines, varieties of medicines, benevolent work, but also some opposed government, thought others should be like them, some went against the British standard.

When did the Catholic Missionaries begin?

 what were they doing that was criticized by Luther?

Catholics began in 1400s, so they had a head start.

Sale of Indulgences; they were being sold by Catholic church; told you that your dead relative is further along in purgatory. You could pray, give money, do good works, fast, indulgences, etc. to get them further along in purgatory.

had a gift for languages,

He originally didn’t want to break from the church, just wanted to address problems.

The church ex-communicated him and he was pissed.

He declared the Pope the anti-christ, became a champion of protestant Christianity. Now started his movement.

David Livingstone (Scotsman) missionary to Africa; most important British protestant missionary; became well known for call to England and Britain.

“for commerce and Christianity” we need Africa. Second half of 19^th century, he was against slavery, famous for his missing status, was Christianity the great liberalizer the great force in opposition to slavery, did Christian missions help the lands that were evangiliezed or did they want everyone like us, he challenged the notion of missionary.

North America Student volunteer movement: many students became missionaries to Africa, ended up recruiting 8,000 missionaries.

John Mott, “the evangelization of the world in this generation.”

He is considered the father of the modern economical movement. IT was heavy on his heart to send missionaries around the world. Sub-saharan Africa’s Protestantism is a result of this.

Evangelical: you will feel its important that you try to get other people to believe in the message of jesus.

1.)    Europeans discover other lands, and see parallels to other cultures/countries to their land. When they saw China, they saw how fine they are getting along without Jesus. They thought Israel is the focus of the whole world, they learned that empires in China lasted longer. Europeans began to say, these cultures are being harmed, should we have gone there? Did we make it better? We screwed it up! People began struggling with how they should think about other civilizations. What do you do with other cultures; do you make them change or leave them alone?

2.)    In the 1800s, the bible begins to be studied like any other book.

3.)    Backlash found itself in revival movements; evangelicalism and fundamentalism will emerge with this. People have bible, text-oriented revival movements. Main occurance here was 1925 court case, the Scopes trial, in Dayton Ohio. A teacher taught evolution in the courts, which was a huge debate; it highlighted the American differences in this issue. How should a good Christian deal with evolution?

4.)    Mass-media and religion

Vatican Councils:

when does it occur?

What is the magisterium? 

once every century, there is a council.

Magisteriam: the summation of twenty centuries of teaching, the pope is the safe guard of the cumulative responsibilities and decisions made for hundreds of years. First Vatican council 1869-1870,

Vatican 1

(conference to establish pope as final authority. Catholics believed in concept of papal infallibility, no book had yet been published calling him the infallible one yet)

Big issue is authority!!

IF you are a Catholic, the presiding bishop of rome, the pope, is the authority of religion.

Protestants on the other hand, hold the bible as the primary source of faith: Luther said “scripture alone! Authority does not rest with the pope, it comes down to the book.”

Pope Pius IX (9^th): wanted to establish idea of papal infallibility as dogma; in matters of faith, the pope speaks without error.

This was the doctrine of infallibility and it passed. Some people did not like pope saying this, they either breaked away or called themselves “old catholics.” Very autocratic, old school pope, said if you are outside of the Roman Church, you have no hope for salvation.

 1962-1965, very different man, Pope Jon the 23^rd, in Latin, he called for aggiornamento or an updating of the church.

He was an older, peaceful man, had his heart set on bringing church out of its ways. Latin replaced by the vernacular (common languages)so that it could reach others.

First issue: the priest could face the crowd now. 

Second Issue: what about Jews, and members of other religions? The Catholic church extended branches to other religions and for the first time said “lets talk.” This second Vatican council is responsible for interreligious dialogue.

Third Issue: Pope Jon was uneasy with the papal infallibility and tried to down play it.

Conciliarism: Orthodox Chirstians believe in this; decision made by councils, wherein the 5 Patriarchates are equals: Jerusalem, Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch

Ecumenism: different types of Christians cooperating

 With ecumenism, or the ecumenical movement, missionaries were cooperating and helping each other out.

It gives birth to the ecumenical movement, the World Council of Churches began in 1948 due to this.

It resides in Geneva, Switzerland and combines Protestant and Orthodox religions; made up of 350 denominations.

Roman Catholics did not join due to doctrine of infallibility. Jesus prayed for all his future followers, “I pray that they may all be one.” This is the catch phrase and motto of the movement.

United Church of Canda: precedent to WCC; formed between Methodists, Congregationalists, Presbyterians, in 1925.

When and Where did fundamentalism emerge from?

Is it a denomination? 

The emergence of Christian Fundamentalism: evangelism is the where fundamentalists came from; fundamentalism is a sub-species of evangelicalism.

Also came from new modern technology era. many wanted a return to "old ways" 

 American phenomena; originates in CA, USA and expanded outward. From 1900-1925, fundamentalism started to rise. It fell in 1925 with the Scopes trial or “monkey trial.”

-It is not a denomination; it is a term used to describe Christians. The word is based on a greek word which means ‘good news’ or gospel.

Lyman Stwart, who was convinced that there had to be a return to the bible.

He wanted to combat german higher criticsm.
 

Fundamentalist= anyone who takes a militant stance for the defense of a literally interpreted Bible, fundamental doctrines, and soul-saving. (George Marsden, scholar)

“historic fundamentalism is the literal exposition of all the affirmations and attitudes of the bible and the militant exposure of all non-biblical affirmation and attitudes.” (George Dollar, a fundamentalist)

*militant defense: implies theological violence

-profess complete confidence in the bible.

-They must spread message to others because they believe that those who get the message, will have a transformed life, a reawakening (or a reborn experience).

-if a person is converted, he or she will be different than before.  They will seriously change in many different ways . You have to do something internally, not externally with water.  

-Truly converted people will never be the same. Consequences of rejecting the good news is eternity in hell, while acceptance is heaven.

The Social Gospel movement

who lead it? 

what did it emphasize? 

why was this fitting during this time? 

with Walter Rauschenbusch.

Emphasized the simple, prestine teachings of Jesus: feed the poor in the cities, visit the prisoners, take care of the widows and orphans. Forget about hair splitting doctrines and questions and focus on what’s clear: serve!

Many academics stripped Christianity of its theological garb and liked this. They said just look after people, help them out. It stripped Christianity by its details and ignored the institution. They wanted to return to the undebatable things like Jesus said ‘feed the poor’ so feed them!

When and where did the scopes trial occur?

 Describe scene.

who was convicted and for what?

what was the ruling?

What are the three themes of this 'american battle'? 

The Scopes Trial: 1925 Dayton, Tennessee

-Reha County court house: venders, banners, preachers, all showed up. As trial began, the town was buzzing with religious fervor. In Dayton, the town was proud it came to them.

John Scopes was convicted for illegally teaching evolution.

Judge fined scope 100 dollars and case went to supreme court where scopes won

-Represented siginigicfant set back to the creations/atni-evolutionists

An American Battle

1.)    1.)Science vs. Religion

2.)    2.)Seperation of Church and state

3.)    3.)Rights of cities and towns to determine what is taught in schools

Prosecuter:

-William Jennings Bryan was high profile, a lawyer and a politician. He was on a fundamentalist crusade and wanted to disband Darwinism from all classes. His reason for this crusade was complex:

1.)  Schools should be run locally (taught and run for and by the people)

2.) Committed Creationist

3.) Concerned about Social Darwinism: Eugenics (weed out the inferior stock/race; “we need to eliminate these people so they can not get into the gene pool”)

defendense attourney:

clarence darrow.  The ACLU was nervous that he would turn it into a broad-sided attack on religion in general, their fears were accurate cuz that is what he did.

 German “higher criticsm” movement.

what was it?

who were involved in it? 

German “higher criticsm” movement. It lead to the moral decay of Germany.

to analyze the historical records of the Middle East from Christian and Old Testament times, in search of independent confirmation of the events related in the Bible.

1.)    Julius wellhausen (1844-1918): Moses wrote the first five books of the bible, Five books of Moses (Pentateuch; Torah). JEPD “Documentary Hypothesis” J:Jahweh: (j=y) E: Elohist; P: Priestly; Deuteronomist

2.)    David Frederick Strauss, “Life of Jesus” (1835). Canon: Authoritative collection of Scripture. Cannonical: accepted as Scripture. Looking at canonical literature, as well as non-caononical, he questioned the reliability of the gospels.

3.)    Westcott and Hort. Published a critical Greek New Testament. (1881) Had the affect destabilizing the authoritative aura.

Darwin's book and year published

3 major impacts 

 1800s (1859): Darwin’s Origin of Species 

Impact Darwin had:

1.)    Authority of the bible

2.)    Science begins to lose its connection to Christianity

3.)    People begin to see science as non-Christian

Descirbe Pentecostalism

is it a denomination?

where did it begin? 

More of an experience than a denomination.

Begins with Judaism, with the ‘feast for weeks’ or Pentacost.

Holy laughter

slayings in the spirits

baptisms

a group within this sect.

The Greek word comes from the root “charisma” meaning “gifts” aka “gifts of the holy spirit.”

Now is the fastest growing segment of Christianity. Was the fastest growing religious movement of the 20^th century.

-1901: Topeka, Kansas. A bible school.

-Mid 1990s: Largest family of Protestants; 200 million officially in a Pentacostal organized denomation

-2000: Pentacostal Christianity passed Eastern Orthodox Family of Churches  as the second largest major grouping in world Christianity

2 Defining Features:

1.)    Glossolalia (if its their we can do it! As far as bible goes. These are full New Testament Christians) this is where they speak in prophecy, otherwise they think they are speaking from God

2.)    Baptism in the Holy Spirit

Historical Precursors in England:

1.)    Methodist/Holiness movement of John Wesley

2.)    Catholic Apostolic movement of Edward Irving

3.)    British “Keswick” “higher life” movement

John Wesley: late 1700s, typical Anglican priest, attending a gospel meeting  at Aldersgate street in London, and was listening to a Christian reading from Luther’s apostle to the Romans (preface).  

Then Wesley writes, “… I felt my heart strangely warmed.” I felt I did trust in Christ alone for my salvation. Assurance was given me that I was free of my sins.

This experience was referred to by him as his “entire sanctification” “Christian perfection” “Second blessing”

 Pentecostal leader

John Fletcher:  he was the fisrt to call this experience “baptism in the holy spirit” it was an experience that brought holy power, inner-cleansing.

 Pentecostal leader

Edward Iving (1792-1834): suggested the possibility of the restoration of the charism (gifts).

He lead the first attempt of a “charismatic renewal.” He was attempting to restore the Charismatic church .

Irving believed Mary Campbell and felt that many others in the church can too. Irving was then kicked out of the Presbyterian church and started his own church, the “Catholic Apostolic Church”

Mary Campbell: a house wife in the Pentecostal congregation, claimed to have the ability to speak in tongues.

Claimed the gift of the glossolalia.

Keswick Convention or “higher life” movement:

when/wehre did it begin?

what was new about the movement? 

Keswick Convention or “higher life” movement:

Keswick was a town in Englang and it is where the revival began.

1875: beginnings of the Keswick movement.

At the time, people believed that Christianity was a cultural/family thing. You just did it cuz you had to.

Now : Christianity is about changng, finding hope, charismatic precursors and healings.

The Keswick conventions were popular everywhere. England had land all over the world, so the conventions could go everywhere. British colonialism paved the way for the larger movement.

said he “dropped to the floor aflamed with god.”

stared a chicago bible center for learning.

associated with keswick 

Dwight L. Moody: said he “dropped to the floor aflamed with god.”

what is significant about hte bethel bible school and healing home?

 in 1901, Parham founded “Bethel Bible School and Healing Home;” this is where the modern Pentecostal movement began.

When Agnes Ozman spoke in tongues of all times on January 1, 1901, this was the first day of the 20^th century

Charles Fox Parham (1873-1929): holiness preacher and Methodist pastor. He was a sickly child and believed that god was calling him to ministry at a young age. He thought satin was keeping him out of the ministry at a young age.

-But when he got better, claimed that god had healed him and said to him “formal education is a hindrance to the ministry.”

-When Parham received this message from God, he quit school, began preaching and teaching  and traveling to spread the word.

-“Xenoglossolalia” foreign language speaking for the purpose of world evangelism.

Parham taught this about missionaries 

-Parham founded “apostolic Faith”: if its good enough for the apostles, its good enough for me! Taken very seriously .

when was Azusa street revival?

who lead it?

 what did he call what was happening?

who did the leader marry? 

In april of 1906, in LA

William Joseph Seymour: black, poor, well versed on parham

called his group as part of an apostolic faith mission

 jenny moore- girl who played piano beautifully out of no where

Church of God and Christ

who founded it? 

when is their bday according to themsleves? 

what is its succes in North America?

how is it today? 

Charles Harrison Mason (1866-1961) was an ordained baptist but in 1893 was dissatisfied with his religion and totally left; thought the baptist church was not passionate enough.  He registered (got it chartered) the Church of God and Christ as a new denomination, gaining recognition.

-1907: considered its beginning because it became a new denomation when it became Pentecostal. reorganized.

- This is the largest Pentecostal denomination in North America, for Americans.

-Fastest growing denomination in America

Assembly of God

who founded it?

when?

how is their size globally and within US?

why was the preaching city within the US significant? 

William H. Durham (1873-1912) a white pastor, from Chicago, a Baptist, went to investigate the revival in 1907. Began preaching. Durham lead thousands of Canadians.

Durham de-emphasized the radical views of the second blessing. Founded Assemblies of God (1914)

grew globally; they are the largest Pentecostal denomination in the world (not in the USA)

may well be the most important name in the international movement because he preached in the diverse area of Chicago. The immigrants returned to hteir homeland and preached durhams message. Durham did not need to go overseas, his followers did the missionary work for him. People went to Canada, Brazil, Chili, Italy, etc.

Thomas Ball Barratt: a British methodist missionary to Norway; he would later become known as the Pentecostal apostle to north and west Europe.

He never went to the Azusa street arrival, but claimed to receive the Glossolalia blessing In NY in 1906.

-Oslo (Christiana) he conducted his first Pentecostal church there.

John Graham Lake:

white side in Africa called...

black side in africa called...

AIC

largest gathering of christians in the world is at?? 

John Graham Lake: Pentecostal healer saved his wife of TB; he wanted to help in South Africa with missionary work. Worked with other missionaries of Johannesburg, South Africa 1908.

-White side: “apostolic Faith mission”

-Black side: “zion Christian church”; way more successful than the apostolic faith group. Largest AIC

AIC= African Indigenous/Independent/Initiated,Instituted church

Zion city Mori

-many of the poor population today are becoming part of the Pentecostal movment:

1.) first there is a stability offered in Pentecostalism (social, theological, familial; Pentecostal men are less likely to have affairs, their income goes up)

2.) rejection of scientific interpretations of faith

3.) hope of healing and of the efficacy of prayer

4.) Radical change of lifestyle