1) Affects evolution of political institutions

• Manipulated to change outlook on the future
• Not told objectively but by how it's remembered

2) Political Culture

3) Political Problems

Political Culture

Values, attitudes, orientations, & expectations people have about politics

• Link between political attitudes & political action
• Determines how political institutions work
• Determines political stability of a country

Devicive issues stick around with no clear solution

India/Pakistan

• Creating generalizations
• Measurement challenges (observer bias)
• Values change over time (not static)
• No deep seated value orientation, based on current regime (SURVEY)

1. Land

2. Labor

3. Capitol

Neoliberalism

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A market-driven  approach to economic and social policy based on neoclassical theories of economics that stresses the efficiency of private enterprise,liberalized trade and relatively open markets, and therefore seeks to maximize the role of the private sector in determining the political and economic priorities of the state. 

1. Extent/Depth of Discrimination

2. Economic Wellbeing

• Distribution

3. Elite Behavior

• Politicians manipulate

4. International Influences

5. Pattern of Cleavage: Coinciding/Cross-Cutting

Authoritarian Regime:

Suppression=no violence

Resistance: Extreme Violence

Democratic Regime: Limited Protest but not extreme violence

Cross-Cutting Cleavage Conflict 

Moderate compromise possible but not politically unstable

Coinciding Cleavage Conflict

High, very hard to manage

(extreme polarization)

Activist: office, fewest

Participant: involved, active

Onlooker: discussion, attention

Apoliticals: most people, biggest group

1. Level of Education

2. Personal factors (attitudes, beliefs, personality)

3. Political setting

4. Socio-economic factors

5. Political Beliefs

Single Member District Plurality System

(SMDP)

One winner per district

VOTE FOR CANDIDATE

PRO: *single, simple, intuitive* high accountability* one district one representitive* Stable victory

CON: -Wasted votes- lower turnout

DUVERGER'S LAW

Proportional Representation System

PR

VOTE FOR PARTY

Proportionality: multi-member districts (>1 winner per district)

PRO: *fair, equitable *no wasted vote higher turnout *smaller parties *women & minority parties

CONS: -Coalition gov'ts -polarization difficult to work- pass buck

1. Advisory

2. Mandatory

3. Initiatives

Pro: *Participation *Legitimacy *Accountability *Democratic Values

Con: Illegitimate win -Influenced -Misused