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Definition
| an attempt to support a claim or assertion by providing a reason or reasons for accepting it. |
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Term
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Definition
a statement that is either true or false; it is often the conclusion of an argument.
Motivation Behind a Claim
1)To Convey Information
2)To Affect out Attitudes about something
3)to influence behavior |
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| at least one of the statements must claim to present evidence or reasons. |
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| there must be a claim that the alleged evidence or reasons support or imply something. |
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| a circumstance in whose abscence a given event could not occur or a given thing could not exist.A necessary condition is one that is needed or required for an event to occur. |
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| a circumstance such that whatever a given event occurs or a given thing exists. A sufficient condition is one that is enough to ensure a result. |
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| is a verbal or written expression that is either true or false and that is based on a language. A statement is a declarative sentence used to assert or deny something. |
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Definition
one which is claimed that the premises, if they are all true necessarily establish the truth of the conclusion.
100% Certainty |
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| one which it is claimed that the premises, if they are true, increase the probability that the conclusion is true as well. |
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| only refers to statements-"true" or "false" NOT arguments, this relates to the empirical or factuality of a statement which is either a premise or conclusion. |
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| an argument is deductively valid if the conclusion follows from the premises: INVALID if the conclusion does NOT follow from the premises. |
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| relates to a valid deductive argument. |
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| relates to the logical probability of a inductive argument. |
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Definition
| relates to the empirical accuracy of an argument. |
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| is composed of two distinct components the explanandrum and explanans. |
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| is the part of a statement that is being described or explained. |
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Definition
| the statement or group of statements that are supposed to explain. |
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Term
| Vertical Pattern Complex Arguments |
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Definition
| consists of a series of argumentts in which a conclusion of logically prior argument becomes a premise for a subsequent argument. |
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| Horizontal/Convergent Pattern Complex Arguments |
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Definition
| consists of a single argument in which a single conclusion is supported by two or more premises. These premises provide independent suport to the conclusion. |
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Term
| the four basic elements of a sentence relevent for aristotelian logic... |
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Definition
1)copula (is, are)
2)subject term and predicate term(S,P)
3) determiners:(all, some, no ,every,any, most, few, several0
4)particle:(not) |
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Term
| four formulas of aristotleian logic |
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Definition
A:All S are P.
E:No S are P.
I:Some S are P.
O: Some S are not P. |
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Term
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Definition
| an categorical sentence is universal if the main determiner is universal. and particular if its main determiner is existential. |
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| a categorical statement can be affirmative (it affirms that a general term applies to some objects) or negative ( it denies that some general term applies to an object.) |
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Definition
a term is said to be distributed if the categorical statement ASSERTS SOMETHING about all members of the class the term names.
a term is said to be undistributed if the categorical statement in which it occurs does not assert something about ALL members of the class the term names. |
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Term
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Definition
two premises and a conclusion, three terms for venn diagrams:major
minor, middle. |
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Definition
| the conclusions predicate |
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Definition
| the conclusions grammatical subject |
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Definition
| the term appearting in both terms |
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Definition
is a list of three letters signifying the form of the major minor and conclusion.
AAA |
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Term
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Definition
First Second Third Fourth
Maj M Mj Mj M M Mj Mj M
Min Mn Mj Mn M M Mn M Mn
Concl Mn Mj Mn Mj Mn Mj Mn Mj |
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Term
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Definition
universal
All
None
particular
some
some aren't |
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Term
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Definition
i) sentence letters a through z except v
ii) sentential connectives
negation signs ~,- rep not
conditional sign horseshoe, arrow if... then
disjunction sign wedge reps or
conjunction sign dot, ^,& reps and
biconditional sign triple bar, double arrow reps if and only if and iff
iii. left and right parentheses are strictly for grouping had logistical value of two propositions. |
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