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Midterm #1 geology 103
geology 103 evolution
121
Geology
Undergraduate 1
04/17/2016

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Term
Archean
Definition
earth formed 4.6 billion years ago
Term
Proterozoic
Definition
2.5 billion years ago
Term
Cambrian
Definition
first signs of life
Term
The tree of life
Definition
bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota (domains)
Term
Carl Linnaeus
Definition
Binomial Nomenclature (2 name), known for taxonomy
Term
taxonomy
Definition
way of naming/categorizing species
Term
species
Definition
group of organisms that are naturally able to breed--> have babies that reproduce
Term
Living things categorized by
Definition
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order family, genus, species
(Dear king philip, come over for good supper)
Term
fungi/Amoeba and Animalia are part of the
Definition
Eukarya domain
Term
types of phylogenetic relationships
Definition
monophyly (including descendants and all ancestors), paraphyly ( including descendants but not ancestors)
polyphyly(including a group of descendants but not all ancestors)
Term
Cladograms
Definition
only show relationships between critters
Term
phylograms
Definition
show relationships between critters as well as time in terms of evolution
Term
archea
Definition
single cells that lack a nucleus, organisms that fit/survive unfavorable environments, get energy from breaking things down, do not fossilize (example -methane, sulfur)
Term
Bacteria
Definition
helps human process food, ,most important decomposers, poor fossil record (squishy and small)
Term
protists
Definition
single celled and dont fossilize
Term
Eukaryota
Definition
has Nucleus and includes:
Plants: green algae with the earliest, dinosaurs were around ferns not big flowering plants/conifers, preserve well (bc plants have cell walls
Term
Fungi
Definition
closest family to animals, do not fossilize well
Term
Animalia
Definition
include, sponges, mollusks, segmented worms, Brachiopods, Bryzoans, Arthropods, Echinoderms, Chordates, tetrapods,
Lecture 2 notes
Term
Ecology
Definition
the study of the factors that govern the distribution and abundance of organisms in natural environment
Term
life habit
Definition
a species life habit is its mode of life
example: the way it obtains nutrients or food, the way it reproduces, the way it stations itself within the environment or moves about
Term
niche
Definition
The status of an organism within its environment and community, affecting its survival as a species.
-Niche requirements include particular nutrients or food resources and particular physical and chemical conditions.
Term
Limiting Factors
Definition
Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms
-The most important of these are physical and chemical conditions.
Term
Population
Definition
A group of individuals that belong to a single species and live together in a particular area.
Term
protists
Definition
single celled and dont fossilize
Term
Eukaryota
Definition
has Nucleus and includes:
Plants: green algae with the earliest, dinosaurs were around ferns not big flowering plants/conifers, preserve well (bc plants have cell walls
Term
Fungi
Definition
closest family to animals, do not fossilize well
Term
Animalia
Definition
include, sponges, mollusks, segmented worms, Brachiopods, Bryzoans, Arthropods, Echinoderms, Chordates, tetrapods,
Lecture 2 notes
Term
Ecology
Definition
the study of the factors that govern the distribution and abundance of organisms in natural environment
Term
life habit
Definition
a species life habit is its mode of life
example: the way it obtains nutrients or food, the way it reproduces, the way it stations itself within the environment or moves about
Term
niche
Definition
The status of an organism within its environment and community, affecting its survival as a species.
-Niche requirements include particular nutrients or food resources and particular physical and chemical conditions.
Term
Limiting Factors
Definition
Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms
-The most important of these are physical and chemical conditions.
Term
Population
Definition
A group of individuals that belong to a single species and live together in a particular area.
Term
Community
Definition
Populations of several species living together in a habitat
Term
Biota
Definition
A flora and a fauna living together.
Term
Opportunistic Species
Definition
Species that specialize in invading newly vacated habitats
-Seldom good competitors
- Good invaders
Ex: Weeds
Term
Biogeography
Definition
Distributions and abundances of organisms on a broad geographic scale.
-Limiting factors include temperature, land formations and barriers.
Term
Relict distribution
Definition
The presence of a taxonomic group in one or two locations after it has died out elsewhere.
Term
Albedo
Definition
The percentage of solar radiation reflected from Earth's surface. 
-Ex: 6-10% for the ocean, 5-30% for forests, grassy surfaces and bare soil, from 45-95% for ice and snow.
Term
Coreolis effect
Definition
The deflection of winds in Northern Hemisphere to the right and in the Southern Hemisphere to the left as a result of Earths rotation.
Term
Rain shadow
Definition
An area of relatively low rainfall to the leeward side of uplands. 
-Incoming air has been forced to rise over the highland, causing precipitation on the windward side, and thus decreasing the water content of the air which descends on the leeward side.
Term
Heat capacity
Definition
The ability to absorb or release a great deal of heat without changing its temperature very much.
-Land, rock and sediment, has a much lower heat capacity than water. Air has a much lower heat capacity still.
Term
Equatorial currents
Definition
The trade winds drive the ocean surface waters westward in a concentrated channel along the equator
-They are kept near the equator by the Coriolis force, which diminishes to zero at the equator.
Term
equatorial countercurrents
Definition
water flowing backward under the influence of gravity
Term
Circumpolar current
Definition
The current circulating Antarctica clockwise when you are facing the continent
-This current does not exist at the time when supercontinent Gondwanaland was partially intact. It only became strong when all other continents (South America, Africa, India, and Australia) were broken loose from Antarctica at ~ 35 Ma.
- Water trapped in this current becomes very cold because of the high latitude and contributes to the frigid condition of Antarctica.
Term
Tides
Definition
Result from the rotation of the solid Earth beneath bulges of water that are produced primarily by the gravitational attraction of the moon.
-Also cause major movements of water in the oceans.
Term
Intertidal zone
Definition
Portion of the shoreline that lies between the high and low tide lines.
-Alternately exposed to air and water.
-Experiences pronounced changes in temperature.
-Inhabited by relatively few species.
Term
Supratidal zone
Definition
Area above intertidal zone that is wet from wave splash or tidal wave. 
-Most exposed to atmosphere and least inundation or covered in water.
- Dry except when flooded by storms or strong onshore winds that coincide with high tides.
- Harsh to life; supports few species.
Term
Continental shelf
Definition
The submarine extension of a continental landmass.
-Broad expanses of shallow seafloor that settle gradually under the weight of great thickness of sediment. where most carbonate forms
Term
Shelf break
Definition
Marker of the edge of the continental shelf
Term
Continental slope
Definition
The border between continental crust and oceanic crust where the ocean floor drops in depth
Term
Continental rise
Definition
A gently rolling undersea slope between a continental slope and an abyssal plain.
- Consists of sediment that has been transported down the continental slope.
Term
Abyssal plain
Definition
The surface of a layer of sediment resting on oceanic crust.
Term
Deep-sea floor
Definition
The region below the shelf break.
-Most deep-sea floor lies 2-4 miles below sea level.
Term
Intertidal zone
Definition
Portion of the shoreline that lies between the high and low tide lines.
-Alternately exposed to air and water.
-Experiences pronounced changes in temperature.
-Inhabited by relatively few species.
Term
Supratidal zone
Definition
Area above intertidal zone that is wet from wave splash or tidal wave. 
-Most exposed to atmosphere and least inundation or covered in water.
- Dry except when flooded by storms or strong onshore winds that coincide with high tides.
- Harsh to life; supports few species.
Term
Continental shelf
Definition
The submarine extension of a continental landmass.
-Broad expanses of shallow seafloor that settle gradually under the weight of great thickness of sediment. where most carbonate forms
Term
Shelf break
Definition
Marker of the edge of the continental shelf
Term
Continental slope
Definition
The border between continental crust and oceanic crust where the ocean floor drops in depth
Term
Continental rise
Definition
A gently rolling undersea slope between a continental slope and an abyssal plain.
- Consists of sediment that has been transported down the continental slope.
Term
Abyssal plain
Definition
The surface of a layer of sediment resting on oceanic crust.
Term
Deep-sea floor
Definition
The region below the shelf break.
-Most deep-sea floor lies 2-4 miles below sea level.
Term
Oceanic realm
Definition
The water located above the deep-sea floor
Term
Barrier island
Definition
Islands of sand heaped up by waves and wind.
- Often parallel to the shoreline.
-Protect quiet lagoons or bays.
Term
Epicontinental sea
Definition
Broad shallow continental sea (less than 100 m in depth).
- Not well developed
Term
Photic zone
Definition
the upper layer of the ocean where enough light penetrates the water to permit plants to conduct photosynthesis.
-The base of this zone varies from place to place, depending on water clarity and the angle of the sun's rays
Term
Subtidal zone
Definition
-Area of heavy wave impact.
- Never exposed to air.
Term
Surf zone
Definition
Where waves break along a beach.
-Constant movement of the sane permits only a few species to survive.
Term
Plankton
Definition
organisms susspended in the water at the "mercy" of the current for where they move, generally microscopic. 
-Conducts most of the photosynthesis (Phytoplankton) that takes place in the ocean.
-Provides extensive fossil records because of the hard skeletons and durable cell walls.
Term
Zooplankton
Definition
Small shrimp like crustaceans and other animals that spend their full lives adrift.
-Feed on phytoplankton.
-Include floating larvae of some invertebrate species that spend their adult lives on the seafloor, ex: snails, bivalves, and starfishes).
Term
Pelagic life
Definition
Oceanic life that exists above the seafloor.
Term
Benthic life
Definition
immobile and mobile organisms that populate the seafloor.
Term
Substratum
Definition
-Seafloor.
- Most likely to be composed of soft substances such as loose sediment.
Term
Suspension feeders
Definition
Strain phytoplankton and plant debris from the water
Term
Deposit feeders
Definition
-Consume sediment and digest organic matter mixed in with mineral grains.
Term
Upwelling
Definition
Movement of nutrient-rich bottom water to the ocean's surface. 
-This can occur far from shore but usually occurs along certain steep coastal areas where the surface layer of ocean water is pushed away from shore and replaced by cold, nutrient-rich bottom water.
Term
Brackish water
Definition
low salinity water
Term
Hypersaline
Definition
high salinity water
Term
evolution
Definition
there are 4 principles at work in evolution
variation, inheritance, selection, and time and or adaption
Term
variation
Definition
in all species, individuals differ in their genetic makeup, producing many variations in their physical features, individuals in a population vary from each other
Term
Inheritance
Definition
Individuals pass some of their genetic material to their offspring; parents pass on their traits to their offspring.
Term
Selection
Definition
Some individuals have inherited character (genes) that allows them to better survive or produce more offspring. These offspring, in turn, are more likely to survive and create offspring of their own. As a result, their genes become more common in the entire population; some variants reproduce more than others.
Term
Time
Definition
Over time, selection results in changes in species. These changes may take days, or decades, or millions of years to occur; successful variations accumulate over time.
Term
Adaptation
Definition
specialized features of animals and plants that perform one or more useful functions
Term
Homology
Definition
Presence in two different groups of animals or plants of organs that have the same ancestral origin but serve different functions
Term
Vestigial Organs
Definition
Organs that serve no apparent purpose but resemble organs that do perform functions in other species
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
Process that operates in nature but parallels artificial selection
Term
Particulate Inheritance
Definition
Certain genes retain their identities while being passed from parent to offspring
Term
Genes
Definition
Hereditary factors
Term
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Definition
An organism sometimes transfers genetic material to another organism that is not its immediate descendant
Term
Regulatory Genes
Definition
Genes that exert a powerful influence over the development of all organisms
Term
Hox Genes:
Definition
Distinctive group of regulatory genes that act like master switches during development
Term
Gene Pool
Definition
Sum total of the genetic components of a population
Term
Speciation
Definition
Origin of a new species from a preexisting one
Term
Genetic Drift
Definition
Result of random changes in gene pool
Term
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Definition
An organism sometimes transfers genetic material to another organism that is not its immediate descendant
Term
Regulatory Genes
Definition
Genes that exert a powerful influence over the development of all organisms
Term
Hox Genes:
Definition
Distinctive group of regulatory genes that act like master switches during development
Term
Gene Pool
Definition
Sum total of the genetic components of a population
Term
Speciation
Definition
Origin of a new species from a preexisting one
Term
Genetic Drift
Definition
Result of random changes in gene pool
Term
Adaptive Breakthrough
Definition
Appearance of key features that allowed the radiation to take place
Term
Radiation
Definition
Pattern of expansion from some group of ancestral adaptive traits to the many new adaptive traits represented by the descendant taxa
Term
Molecular Clock
Definition
Accumulation of mutations at a constant rate
Term
Evolutionary Convergence
Definition
Evolution of similar forms in two or more different taxonomic groups
Term
Pseudoextinction
Definition
Species disappeared by evolving to the point at which they have been formally recognized as different species
Term
Cope's Rule
Definition
General tendency for body size to increase during the evolution of a group of animals (Cope used horses as an example, but wait...)
Term
Punctuational model
Definition
Large evolutionary changes must be associated with speciation
Term
Dollos law
Definition
once a species has evolved into another or has been eliminated by extinction, it is gone forever
Term
Reservoirs
Definition
Bodies of chemical entities that occupy particular spaces. Examples, CO2 in the atmosphere, or glacial ice on land.
Term
flux
Definition
When reservoirs expand or contract because of changes in the rate at which they gain or lose their contents. Ex the expansion of glaciers "robs," the ocean of water and sea level drops.
Term
negative feedback
Definition
is a situation in which a flux is being opposed and a reservoir is working toward having a balance in volume
ex) the expansion of glaciers "robs," the ocean of water and sea level drops
Term
Positive feedback
Definition
This acts as the opposite of negative feedback and encourages or accelerates the process of change and flux. Ex Burning Fossil Fuels increases the Carbon in the atmospheric reservoir. "Snowball earth"
Term
An Anoxic or anoxia condition
Definition
A condition in a body of water in which plant debris can decompose and become deeply buried, as a result of the lack of oxygen present in the system. No oxygen, no bacteria, no bacteria, no decomposing. Note: Good conditions for Fossil formation.Ex: Bogs
Term
Carboniferous Period
Definition
A time in which many primitive trees were buried, which resulted in what are called coal swamps, which provides humans with large quantities of fossil fuel.
Term
Carbon 12 Carbon 13
Definition
The ratios of the carbons is most often stable, but certain fluxes can cause the ratio of the isotope carbon 13 in Atmospheric CO2 to increase . Examples is the burial of organic carbon at a faster rate than normal.
Term
Metamorphism and CO2
Definition
Most carbonate sediments ultimately undergo metamorphism and return their CO2 back to the atmosphere.
Term
weathering and CO2
Definition
Chemical weathering extracts CO2 from the environment. Ex Plants participate in chemical wreathing and extract CO2 from the atmosphere.Mountain building.
Term
Methane and Global Warming
Definition
Methane, though less abundant than Co2, is more effective in heating the atmosphere. Most of the methane on earth is released by Archae but frozen deposits (methane hydrate) in the ocean also contribute when waters are warm enough to melt them, thus further escalating the process of Global Warming.
Term
Water and O16 and O18
Definition
O16 is lighter so brackish water that receives much precipitation in has a higher ratio of O16, while sea water contains a higher ratio of O18 because O16 evaporates easier. Ex of flux: The melting or freezing of Glaciers, Glaciers "lock up," O16.
Term
Submarine Volcanism and seawater Chemistry
Definition
In the process of submarine volcanism Mg+ ions are extracted from the Ocean basin and CA2+ ions are released thus Submarine Volcanism strongly influences seawater chemistry
Term
Chalk
Definition
fine grained limestone made of minute plates of calcite once belonging to the shells of nano-plankton. Upper Cretaceous contains a vastly larger volume of chalk than any other time. Suggestion that these nano-plankton were very prolific, most productive ever, believed to be because the Mg +/ Ca2+ was the lowest ever
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