What is the independant variable? 

The independant variable is the variable that is being controled and manipulated by the experiment.  

What is the dependant variable? 

The dependant variable is the variable that is being measured in an experiment.  

What is the constant? 

The constant is the variable(s) that is/are being controled in an experiment.  

What are the 5 steps of the scientific method? 

1. observation

2. question

3.hypothesis

4. prediction

5. test (only one at a time) 

What are the different levels in metric conversion? 

KHDBDCM

K-kilo

H-hecto

D-Deka

B-base

D-deci

C-centi

M-mili 

What is an element? 

An element is a substance that can't e broken down any further by normal chemical means. 

What is a compound? 

A compound is a substance containing two or more elemnets in a fixed ratio (more common).  

What is a nucleus? 

A nucleus is the center of the atom, composed of protons and neutrons.  

What is the electron cloud? 

An electron cloud is composed of electrons orbiting the nucleus.  

What are the charges of the electron?

Proton?

Neutron? 

Electron: negative

Proton: positive

Neutron: neutral  

How do you find the atomic number? 

The atomic number is the number of protons.  

How do you find the atomic mass? 

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons. 

What is the atomic weight? 

The atomic weight is the element's atomic mass given as a whole number.  

What are isotopes? 

Isotopes are varient forms of an atom that have the same number of protons and neutrons, but a different number of electrons.  

What are radioactive isotopes? 

Isotopes that are prone to spontaneous decay and give off particals of energy are radioactive.  

What is a molecule?

How do they form? 

Molecules are two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.  

What are covalent bonds? 

Covalent bonds occur between two or more atoms that share electrons.  

What are ionic bonds? 

Ionic bonds are an atom or molecule with an electrical charge resulting from a gain or loss of one or more electrons. They bond together because opposites attract, holding the atoms together.  

What are the three properties of water? 

The three properties of water are electronegativatity, hydrogen bonding, and cohesion/adhesion.

What makes a compound stable? 

If a compound has the maxium number of electrons on the ouside.  

What are the five characteristics of living things?  

What is a solvent? 

A dissolving agent is a solvent (ex:water).

An aqueous solution has a solvent of water.  

What is a solute? 

A solute is a substance that is dissolved (drink mix).  

Describe the PH scale.

A measurement scale used to measure the acidity of a solution ranging 0-14

(0-6 acid, 7 neutral, 8-14 base).

What is a morter? 

Pestle? 

A morter is like a bowl and a pestle is like a stick-shaped grinder.  

What is a pipets? 

A pipet is like an eye dropper.  

What is a spot plate? 

A spot plate is like a square plate with a bunch of circular spaces in it.  

What is a watch glass. 

A watch glass is like a giant contact lense.  

What is a glass sturring rod? 

A glass sturring rod is like a glass straw.  

What is the description/functions of carbohydrates? 

Description: organic materials made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Functions: give energy, short and long term  

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

*monosacharides- simple sugars (glucose, fructose)

*discarides- double sugars (sucrose; table sugar, maltose; wheat sugar, lactose; milk sugar)

*polyscarides- many sugars (plants, animals) 

What is the decriptions/functions of lipids.  

Lipids are molecules consisting of both dissolving and nondissolving membranes; fats.

Lipids form cell membranes, carry messages from one part of the body to another, bulid cells, and store energy.  

What are the descriptions/functions of protines? 

Protine is organic matter that is created with nitrogen, carbon, hydogen, and oxygen.

Protines pump small molecules in/out of cells, carry out chemical reactions, make cells move, and speed up reactions.  

What are enzymes? 

Enzymes are protines that speed up chemical reactions.  

What is the descriptions/functions of nuclieuic acids? 

Nucleuic acids are large, complex, organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and phorphus atoms. Nucleuic acids are made up of 5 carbon sugars, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

They store and transfer kinetic information.

www.cellsalive.com  

What are the stages of mitosis? 

*interphase

*prophase

*metaphase

*anaphase

*telophase 

What are the stages of meiosis? 

*interphase

*prophase  1

*metaphase 1

*anaphase 1

*telophase/cytokenesis 1

*prophase 2

*metaphase 2

*anaphase 2

*telophase/cytokensis 2 

Picture

Dictionary!!!! 

What are prokaryotes?

Eukaryotes? 

Prokaryotes are simple cells that lack a nucleus, lack organelles, and are filled with DNA and ribosomes.

Eukaryotes are complex cells that have a nucleus, organelles, and a cytoplasm.  

What is the cell wall?  

A dead layer, fully permidable, there to protect and sustain the cell, protects from water, found in plant cells.  

What is the cell membrane? 

The cell membrane is semi-permidable, found in both plant and animals, controls movement in/out of the cell. 

What is the nucleus? 

Controls the major functions of the cell, contains chromosomes, found in both plant and animal.  

What is the cytoplasm? 

The cytoplasm provides a medium for chemical reactions, it is the 'ground' of the cell.  

What is the rough ER? 

Makes protines to export out of the cell, it is like a roller coaster that is pressed up against the side of the nucleus, has ribosomes on the outside.  

What is the smooth ER? 

Makes protines to move within the cell, a roller coaster in squiggily ribbon focused around the nucleus, lacks ribosomes on the outside.  

What are ribosomes?

Produce protines, either free or on the rough ER.  

What are golgi bodies? 

Wrap and export protines, a blob that has wound ribbons up against it. 

What is a nucleolus? 

A nucleolus is in the center of the nucleus, makes ribosomes.   

What is a lysosome? 

Digest and get rid of waste, mediun-sized a 1/2 circle.  

What is the mitochondrion? 

The cell respiration, a bean with lines going thru it.  

What is a vacuole? 

A vacuole stores minerals and waste, large lake-like in a plant cell, small and spread out in an animal cell.  

What is a centriole? 

Help the cell divide, little squares.  

What are the aspects of plant cells? 

Relatively larger in size, regular shape, cell wall present, large central vacuole, and nucleuse near cell wall.  

What are the aspects of animal cells? 

Relatively smaller in size, irregular shape, no cell wall, vacuole small or absent, gycogen as food storage, nucleus at center.  

What are the three parts of the cell theory?  

- all living things are composed of cells

- cells are the basic unit of structure and function for all living things

-all cells come from pre-existing cells  

What is diffusion? 

Movement of particals thru an area until it reaches equalibrium.  

What is facilitated diffusion?

Facilitated diffusion is the passage of a substance across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient aided by specific transport proteins embeded in the membrane.  

What is osmosis? 

Osmosis is the movement of water in and out of a cell across a semi-permeable membrane; the diffusion of water.  

What are the three different types of membranes? 

*permeable membrane: wide open door

*semi-permeable membrane: partially open door

*impermeable membrane: closed door 

What are the three types of solutons? 

*hypertonic- solutions with a high concentration of solutes

*hypotonic- solutions with a low concentration os solutes

*isotonic- solutions with an equal solute concentration

What is an active transport? 

An active transport is a type of transport that requires the cell to expand energy to move molecules across a membrane.

There are two types: Exocytosis, and Endocytosis.  

What is Exocytosis? 

Exocytosis is moving bulky materials out of the cell.

Process: Vesicle forms around molecule, moves and fuses to membrane, vesicle's contents spill out of the cell.

What is endocytosis? 

Endocytosis is the taking in of particals by forming vesicals or vacuoles from its plasma membrane.

There are 3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis 

What is phagocytosis? 

Cellular eating. 

What is pinocytosis? 

Cellular eating.  

What is receptor mediated endocytosis? 

Movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicles. The vesicles contain proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in.  

What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis? 

Mitosis: somatic cells, dipliod to diploid, sister chromatids, and dyads

Meiosis: sex cells, diploid to haploid, sister chromatids, homologenous chromosomes, tetrads, and crossing over.  

www.biology.cic.uc.edu/courses/bio150/geneprob.htm

(dihybrid cross) 

What is a genotype?

What is a genotypic ratio? 

A genotype is a gene combination (letters).

The genotypic ratio moves from most dominate to least dominate. 

What is the phenotype?

Phenotypic ratio? 

A phenotype is a physical feature (white,red,etc).

Phenotypic ratio moves from most dominate to least dominate.  

What did gregor mendel accomplish? 

He is responsible for the governing laws of inherating traits.  

What are genes? 

Genes are units of inherited info in DNA (hair color, eye color, etc) 

What are alleles? 

Alleles are alternate forms of a gene (dominate, ressive) 

What is homozygous? 

A genotype envolving 2 dominate, or 2 ressive genes (RR, rr). 

What is heterozygous? 

A geontype with one dominate and one ressive gene.

What is the law of dominance? 

The law of dominance states that in a cross of parents who are pure for contrasting traits, only one form will appear in the next generation (RR+rr= all Rr). 

What is the law of segregation? 

During the formation of gametes (egg or sperm), the two alles responsible for a trait separate from eachother during meiosis (RR separates into R and R before they cross). 

What is the law of indepandant assortment? 

Allels for different traits are distributed to sex and offspring indepandanly of one another (RyMn becomes Ry and Mn before they are crossed) 

What is incomplete dominance?

red flower + white flower 

= pink flower 

What is codominace?  

the blending theory

black fur + white fur

= white w/ black spots fur  

What are mutations? 

Mutations are a change in the genetic material of a cell. 

What are the two levels of mutations? 

*chromosonal

*gene 

What are the four different types of chromosonal mutations? 

*deletions- loss of the part of a chromosome

*duplications- a segment of a chromosome is repeated

*inversions- reverse of its usual direction

*translocations- part of the chromosone breaks off and attatches to another

What are the two different types of gene mutations? 

*point mutations- change in the nucleotide order (amino acids)

*frameshift mutations- the adittion or depletion that alters everything from the point of mutation on