Term
| Three domains of Developmental Psychology |
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Definition
Physical: Includes changes to one's physical behavior. Examples include: Puberty, weight, body size, etc.
Cognitive: Includes changes as to how a person thinks. Purely a mental process. Examples include: ability to read, what causes you to read slower/faster, imagination, memory, problem solving, etc.)
Social: Patterns of change in personality, emotions, and social relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
The main idea behind this model states that an individual's development is based purely upon their environment. Specifically, 5 different environments:
Microsystem: immediate environment in which the individual has immediate contact with others/Where you personally interact with others immediately around you (your friends, your significant other, your parents, etc.)
Exosystem: environment you have no control over, but influences you (your socioeconomic status, the media)
Mesosystem: Where aspects of microsystem influence exosystem and the mesosystem. (Abuse from parents affects your future relationships, parents stressing over bills and such affects how they raise you, etc.)
Macrosystem: Beyond the external environment, the general culture of an environment.
Chronosystem: An individual's development will change over time. |
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Term
| Organismic vs. Mechanistic & Piaget's Theory |
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Definition
Organismic: States that an individual makes an attempt to engage the environment (stage development)
Mechanistic: Nurture based & passive reaction to the environment. The body can be broken into predictable parts. The body basically responds to a set of predictable stimuli. (continuous development)
Piaget: He believed in the organismic model. He believed that children were active learners, and the fact that they made errors actually made sense! They aren't acts of stupidity. They provide insight into the way children view the world and their cognitive processes. |
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Term
| Assimilation & Accommodation |
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Definition
Assimilation: Incorporating new information into an already existing schema. The information fits already, its just a matter of shifting it around to see if it fits in a better part of the schema.
Accommodation: changes in cognitive structure to include new information |
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Term
| Main Requirements for Experiments |
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Definition
1) One variable is manipulated while other's are controlled.
2) Your comparing 2 groups.
Independent variable: The condition the experimenter has direct control over.
Dependent variable: The condition that is influenced/effected by the manipulation of the independent variable.
Wait, why are they not used much in developmental psych?
1) There are many variables that you have to consider. There are a lot of variables that you just CAN'T manipulate. (ex. You're doing an experiment on the effects that physical discipline has on a child's development. You ask a family to abuse their child, and ask another family to do the opposite, then you gauge the results. Uh, you can't do that! It's unethical!)
2)Experiments can help support you're assumptions , but other methods are needed to PROVE your assumptions. |
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Term
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Definition
Data are collected on the same person/person's over a period of time.
Advantages: shows age related change/continuity; avoids confounding effects with cohort effects.
Disadvantages: Time-consuming, expensive, might encounter problems with attrition, bias, and repeated experiments. |
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Term
| Quantitative vs. Qualitative |
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Definition
Quantitative: Research focusing primarily on objective, measurable data.
Qualitative: Research that focuses on non-numerical data, such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs. |
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Term
| Monozygotic vs. Dizygotic |
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Definition
Monozygotic: 1 single, fertilized ova splits into two. (identical twins
Dizygotic: Mother releases 2 ova in short time, and both are fertilized. (fraternal twins). |
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Term
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Definition
| Sickle Cell is a recessive disease that s comprised of deformed, fragile red blood cells that can clog the blood vessels and can deprive the body of oxygen. The African population is the most likely of all the subset of the American population to have the allele for this disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Metabolic disorder resulting in mental retardation. To combat this and possibly eliminate it, a special diet needs to begin in the first few weeks of life can prevent the mental retardation. |
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Term
| Gene-by-environment interaction |
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Definition
A gene-by-environment interaction is identified by the environment moderating the effects of genes, and the genes and the environments aren't correlated.
Book Definition: The portion of phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions. |
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Term
| Cephlaocaudal & Proximodistal Principles of Development |
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Definition
Cephlaocaudal Principle: Growth occurs from the top down (brain 2 toes).
Proximodistal Principle: Growth& motor development proceed from the center of the body outward (inside to the outside). |
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Term
| The Embryonic Period of Gestation |
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Definition
| The Embryonic period lasts anywhere from 2-8 weeks during gestation. During this period, mitosis hastens, and the somatic cells replicate themselves so that each new formed cell has the same DNA structure as all the others. The blastocyst becomes part of the embryonic support system (ex. amnion which is the membrane that fills with fluid and provides cushion and nutrients for the embryo). The inner mass cell differentiates into the endoderm (respiratory system), mesoderm (muscles, circulatory system, bones), and the ectoderm (skin, nervous system, and sensory receptors). The placenta allows oxygen, nourishment, and wastes to pass between mother and embryo. The placenta develops from the part of the blastocyst called the trophoblast. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specific time when a given event or its absence has a specific impact on development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prenatal alcohol exposure leads to fetal alcohol syndrome. This can lead to retarded growth, mental retardation, face and body malformations, and disorders of the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Standard measurements of a newborn's condition, it assess appearance, pulse grimace, activity, and respiration. Scale goes from 0-2, 10 points in total. The Apgar scale is taken within 5 minutes after the birth is completed. |
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Term
| Premature births & The Risks associated with it. |
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Definition
| Greater mortality risks, Physical risks (only if they survive), and problems with cognitive tasks and behavioral problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides constant skin to skin contact between mothers & their premature children, primarily to reduce the child's stress. It also helps to combat mortality, infections, cortisol levels (less stress, basically) and reduced hospital stays. |
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Term
| The brain and it's development patterns, Lateralization, Myelination, |
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Definition
The brain reaches 90% of its full size by age 5. The brain develops from the occipital lobe to the frontal lobe, with the latter not fully maturing until the age 25.
Laterilization is the localizing of certain brain functions (speech, memory, etc.) in the 2 hemispheres of the brain.
Myelination is the insulation of neurons in a node like fashion with the use of myelin (a fatty substance) to ensure efficient sending of neural messages throughout the brain. |
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Term
Depth Perception & The Visual Cliff
& Kittens study? |
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Definition
Depth Perception: Ability to perceive objects and surfaces three-dimensionally.
Visual Cliff: Apparatus designed to give an illusion of depth and used to assess depth perception in infants |
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Term
| Dynamic Motor Systems Theory |
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Definition
This theory states that motor behavior does not develop passively, but is a result of the assembly of previous components. Types of components include: Development of the brain, develop of other parts of the body, emotional characteristics of child, environment to the child, etc.
Textbook definition: Behavior emerges in the moment from the self organization of multiple components (Pg. 132). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Knowledge is gained through the sensory motor systems and is limited to what is immediately in the sensory field.
6 Substages of Sensorimotor Development:
Use of reflexes: They exercise their reflexes, and gain control over them.
Primary circular reactions: Infants repeat pleasurable experiences that occur by chance
Secondary circular reactions: Interest in environment increase
coordination of secondary schemes:
Behavior is more deliberate and purposeful
tertiary circular reactions: Toddlers show curiosity and experimentation and purposefully vary their reactions to see results.
mental combintions: They develop thoughts symbolically, and are no longer confined to trial and error to solve problems. (Pg. 145) |
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Term
| Habituation & Disbaituation |
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Definition
Habituation: Type of learning where familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response.
Dishabituation: Increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus.
Both these process are important because they correlate with later signs of cognitive development, such as a preference for complexity, rapid exploration of the environment, sophisticated play, quick problem solving, etc. Its better to assess these early to combat any future cognitive problems with the toddler. |
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Term
| Classical Conditioning & Operant Conditioning: |
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Definition
Classical Conditioning: Learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response. (Pg. 31 & 139)
Operant Conditioning: Learning based on association of behavior with its consequences (Pg. 31) Learning based on reinforcement or punishment (Pg. 139). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Bowlby Attachment Observations |
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Definition
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Term
| Attachment/Types of Attachment |
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Definition
Secure attachment: Pattern in which an infant cries or protests when the primary caregiver leaves and actively seeks out the caregiver on his or her return.
avoidant attachment: Pattern in which an infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact on his/her return
ambivalent attachment: pattern in which infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during his or her absence, and both seeks and resists contact on his or her return.
The Strange Situation is located on page 188, and is a technique used to study infant attachment. |
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Term
| 6 Different Types of Emotions |
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Definition
Joy, Surprise, Sadness, Disgust, Anger, and Fear.
I guess babies express these emotions because they are trying to get a response from their caregiver. Depending on how old they are, it could be because they need something/attention, maybe because they want to get a certain reaction out of their caregiver, etc. It could be a multitude of reasons! Babies be crazy! |
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