Term
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Definition
- the study of population dynamics in cross-cultural perspective
- population dynamics culturally shaped and change over time in response to changing conditions
- provide insights into causes of demographic trends
- three areas: fertility, mortaility, and migration
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Term
| What are the three socities of reproduction? |
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Definition
| Foraging, Agricultural, and Industrial. |
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Term
| What reproduction levels are there in foraging societies? |
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Definition
- moderate death and birth rates
- small number of children
- fertility control: long birth intervals, low fat diet for women, prolonged breastfeeding, and induced abortion and infanticide
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Term
| What reproduction levels are there in agricultural societies? |
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Definition
- high growth rate: more births than deaths
- high number of children
- increased reliance on direct means of birth control
- gender division of labour values male work
- increased specilization: midwives, herbalists, etc.
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Term
| What reproduction levels are there in industrial societies? |
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Definition
- negative population growth
- invest more resources in fewer children
- birth control more of a personal option
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Term
| What are the methods of fertility control? |
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Definition
- cultures increase, reduce, or regulate
- direct methods: plant and animal substances, medical intervention, induced abortion
- indirect methods: long periods of breastfeeding
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Term
| What are the three levels of decision making and what are examples of each? |
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Definition
- family-level: value and costs of children, gender preference
- national-level: governments promote population increase or decrease
- global-level: pharmaceutical companies, World Bank, religious groups
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Term
| What are the causes of death globally? |
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Definition
- warfare: high proportion of male deaths in some horticultural societies (fighting over land and resources)
- ethnocide: destruction of a culture
- genocide: physical extermination of a cultural group
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Term
| How do different cultures view suicide? |
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Definition
- social changes brought about by industrialization are often not matched by people's ability to attain new goals leading to high suicide rates (especially among youth)
- Catholicism: sin
- Buddihism: used to make political statements
- Asia and South Pacific: noble act
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Term
| What did Margaret Mead discover? |
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Definition
- research in northern New Guinea in the 1930s
- findings suggested nature is subservient to culture in defining personality
- gender culturally defined
- way culture practicies infant care can affect personality development
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Term
| Define physical anthropology. |
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Definition
| The study of individuals and their personalities and identities within particular contexts. |
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Term
| How is infant personality and identity formation formed? |
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Definition
- separating baby from mother
- skin-to-skin contact
- bonding
- co-sleeping
- sex and gender
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Term
| How is childhood personality and identity formation formed? |
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Definition
- concept of "child" as we know it new in human history
- mode of production appears to affect personality
- horticultural: nurturant-responsible, perform tasks, early responsibility
- industrial: dependent-dominant, narcissistic personality
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Term
| What are the three different forms of sexual and gender identity? |
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Definition
- Konner: sexual orientation determined by mix of genetic and cultural factors
- Rich: all people biologiocally bisexual but patriarchial societies mould them into being heterosexual
- "Third Genders": some cultures permit expression of varied forms of sexual orientation
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Term
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Definition
- many cultures accept and encourage fluid gender roles
- should not be mistaken for being gay or homosexual
- "two-spirited" persons played key spiritual roles in many First Nations cultures
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Term
| What are the three levels of adulthood and define each. |
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Definition
- parenthood: role of mother and father shaped by culture. Responsibility of childcare
- middle age: mid-life crisis and menopause
- senior years: nonindustrial cultures respect elderly more
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