Term
| Medical term for a type of scar tissue - the accumulation of excessive amounts of collagen (more common in African Americans) can result in this protruding tumor-like scar: |
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Definition
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Term
| A localized area of ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ produced by occlusion of either its arterial supply or its venous drainage: |
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Definition
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Term
| The basic technique of this modality consists of inducing hydrogen atoms (protons) to alternate between a high-energy state and a low-energy state by absorbing and then releasing, or transferring energy: |
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Definition
| MRI "Magnetic Resonance Imaging" |
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Term
| This modality produces cross-sectional tomographic images by first scanning a slice of tissue from multiple angles w/ a narrow x-ray beam, then calculating a relative linear attenuation coefficient (representing the amount of radiation absorbed in tissue for the various tissue elements in the section), and finally displaying the computed reconstruction as a gray scale image on an imaging monitor: |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ refers to the presence of infected liquid or frank pus in the pleural space. |
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Definition
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Term
| The accumulation of fluid in the pleural space: |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ refers to a condition in which there is diminished air w/in the lung associated w/ reduced lung volume |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is a disorder in the metabolism of purine (a component of nucleic acids) in which an increase in the blood level of uric acid leads to the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints, cartilage, and kidneys. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fx involves both malleoli w/ dislocation of the ankle joint? |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ fx is the result of acute hyperextension of the head on the neck. It appears as a fx of the arch of C2 anterior to the inferior facet and is usually associated w/ anterior subluxation of C2 on C3. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ refers to a twisting of the bowel on itself that may lead to intestinal obstruction - most frequently involves the cecum and the sigmoid colon. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ refers to the chronic destruction of liver cells and structure, w/ nodular regeneration of liver parenchyma and fibrosis; it is an end-stage liver disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| The major cause of cirrhosis is chronic _________. |
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Definition
| alcoholism (i.e., 10 - 20 years of alcohol abuse) |
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Term
| What type of carcinoma of the colon is one of the most typical forms of primary colonic malignancy? It is often described as apple-core or napkin-ring carcinoma? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the alimentary system does the greatest amount of digestion occur? |
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Definition
| The duodenum portion of the small intestine |
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Term
| What is the name for varicose veins of the lower end of the rectum that cause pain, itching, and bleeding. They are caused by increased venous pressure: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The ________ maneuver utilizes forced expiration w/ the glottis closed to help demonstrate esophageal reflux. |
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Definition
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Term
| Highly malignant tumor originating from connective tissue: |
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Definition
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Term
| A benign tumor formed of muscle elements: |
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Definition
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Term
| A benign tumor of cartilaginous origin: |
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Definition
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Term
| A tumor composed of blood vessels: |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ _______ (mucoviscidosis) is a hereditary disease characterized by the secretion of excessively viscous mucus by all the exocrine glands. It is most common among white children. In the lungs, thick mucus secreted by mucosa in the trachea and bronchi blocks the air passages. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ ________ _______, aka "idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome" or IRDS, is one of the most common causes of respiratory distress in the newborn. It occurs primarily in premature infants, especially those who have diabetic mothers or who have been delivered by c-section. This disease results from surfactant deficiency caused by cell immaturity or birth trauma. |
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Definition
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Term
| Common allergens causing widespread narrowing of the airway is: |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ disease (osteitis deformans) is one of the most common chronic metabolic diseases of the skeleton. Destruction of bone, followed by a reparative process, results in weakened, deformed, and thickened bony structures that tend to fx easily. It affects primarily the pelvis, femurs, skull, tibias, vertebrae, clavicles, and ribs. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common initial site of bony destruction in Paget's disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ _______ is a primary malignant tumor arising in the bone marrow of long bones. It affects primarily children and young adults. Is known to cause a fusiform layered periosteal reaction dubbed the onionskin appearance. |
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Definition
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Term
| A _________ vertebra has characteristics of vertebrae on both sides of a major division of spine - occurs most frequently at the lumbosacral junction and tends to have expanded transverse processes that sometimes form unilateral or bilateral joints w/ the sacrum. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ ______ are dilated veins in the wall of the esophagus that are most commonly the result of increased pressure in the portal venous system (portal HTN), which is in turn usually a result of cirrhosis of the liver. |
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Definition
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Term
| Is a chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown cause that most often involves the terminal area of the ileum but can affect any part of the GI tract. It is most common in young adults. This disease is frequently discontinuous, w/ diseased segments of bowl separated by healthy portions (skip areas). Diffuse inflammation w/ edema involves all layers of the intestinal wall. Ulceration is common, and fistulas running in the bowel wall or extending to other organs are not infrequent: |
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Definition
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Term
| In cases in which ischemia continues to progress, resulting in infarction, necrosis may occur as a result of lack of blood flow. This progressive situation can lead to a condition called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Death and decay of body tissue: |
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Definition
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Term
| Radionuclides are used in what modality? |
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Definition
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Term
| What modality utilizes high-frequency sound waves produced by electrical stimulation of a specialized crystal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the modality of choice for producing images of the central nervous system (CNS)? |
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Definition
| MRI "Magnetic Resonance Imaging" |
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Term
| _____ is primarily a viral infection of young children that produces inflammatory obstructive swelling localized to the subglottic portion of the trachea. Frontal radiographs of the lower neck show a characteristic smooth, fusiform, tapered narrowing (hourglass shape) of the subglottic airway caused by edema. |
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Definition
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Term
| Large defects in the lumbar or cervical spine may be accompanied by herniation of the meninges (_________), or of the meninges and a portion of the spinal cord or nerve roots (_____________). |
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Definition
1. meningocele
2. myelomenigocele |
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Term
| Herniation of the meninges (meningocele) can cause: |
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Definition
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Term
| This metabolic bone disease is characterized by a generalized or localized deficiency of bone matrix in which the mass of bone per unit volume is decreased in amount but normal in composition. It is usually caused by accelerated resorption of bone, although decreased bone formation may lead to it in some situations: |
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Definition
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Term
| Is a rare hereditary bone dysplasia in which failure of the resorptive mechanism of calcified cartilage interferes w/ the normal replacement by mature bone. It prevents the bone marrow from forming, so that the bones become very brittle and stress fxs occur often. The pt may also become anemic as a result of the lack of blood-producing bone marrow: |
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Definition
| Osteopetrosis (marble bones) |
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Term
| The gallbladder stores ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the largest gland of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What pulmonary disease when left untreated can cause "honeycomb lung", which is best demostrated on CT as cystlike spaces and dense fibrotic walls? |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ _________ aka "brittle bones" is an inherited generalized disorder of connective tissue characterized by multiple fxs and an unusual blue color of the normally white sclera of the eye. |
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Definition
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Term
| Acute _________ is an inflammation of the lung that can be caused by a variety of organisms, most commonly bacteria and viruses. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of pneumonia is produced by pneumococcal origin, is caused by an organism that causes an inflammatory exudate that replaces air in the alveoli, so that the affected part of the lung is no longer air containing but appears solid or radiopaque? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of pneumonia is caused by a staphylococcal infection, is primarily an inflammation that originates in the bronchi or bronchiolar mucosa and spreads to adjacent alveoli? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of pneumonia is most commonly produced by viral and mycoplasmal infections. In this type, the inflammatory process predominantly involves the walls and lining of the alveoli and the interstitial supporting structures of the lung, the alveoli septa? |
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Definition
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Term
| The aspiration of esophageal or gastric contents into the lung can lead to the development of this type of pneumonia: |
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Definition
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Term
| Acute infection of the epiglottis, most commonly caused by Haemophilus influenzae (the flu) in children, causes thickening of epiglottic tissue and surrounding pharyngeal structures: |
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Definition
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Term
| This disorder shows up as a rounded thickening of the epiglottic shadow approximately the size of an adult's thumb on a lateral soft tissue image of the neck: |
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Definition
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Term
| A _________ is a sharply circumscribed parenchymal nodule, often containing viable tuberculosis bacilli, that can develop in either primary or secondary disease: |
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Definition
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Term
| This virus is estimated to affect almost all children by age 2 years: |
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Definition
| RSV "Respiratory Syncytial Virus" |
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Term
| This virus attacks the lower respiratory tract and causes necrosis of the respiratory epithelium of the bronchi and the bronchioles, which leads to bronchiolitis. The necrotic material and edema from the infection cause bronchial obstruction. Bronchiolitis produces bronchial spasm, and interstitial pneumonia occurs as a result of the obstruction: |
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Definition
| RSV "Respiratory Syncytial Virus" |
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Term
| The general term that describes several conditions in which chronic obstruction of the airway leads to an ineffective exchange of respiratory gases and makes breathing difficult: |
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Definition
| COPD "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease" |
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Term
| __________ is a crippling and debilitating condition in which obstructive and destructive changes in small airways (the acini or terminal bronchioles) lead to a dramatic increase in the volume of air in the lungs. |
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Definition
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Term
| With this disease, air is trapped in the lungs, causing loss of elasticity of the alveoli: |
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Definition
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Term
| The hallmark of pulmonary overinflation in the case of _________ is flattening of the domes of the diaphragm. |
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Definition
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Term
| Is a potentially fatal condition, and it is by far the most common pathologic process involving the lungs of hospitalized pts. Can cause an infarct: |
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Definition
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Term
| Most pulmonary embolic occlusions occur in the _____ lobes of the lung because of preferential blood flow to these regions. |
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Definition
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Term
| The presence of air in the pleural cavity that results in a partial or complete collapse of the lung: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| it is an encapsulated collection of pus inside the lung |
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Term
| How would you change your technical factors from the norm for a pt w/ brittle bone disease (osteogenesis imperfecta)? |
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Definition
| Because of the severe cortical bone loss in advanced stages of disease, producing a good radiographic image may require lowering the kVp to compensate for the loss of bone quality |
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Term
| What is the most common form of dwarfism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is a chronic systemic disease of unknown cause that appears primarily as a nonsuppurative (noninfectious) inflammatory arthritis of the small joints of the hands and feet. Women are affected about 3 times more frequently then men, and the average onset in adults is 40 years: |
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Definition
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Term
| Is an extremely common generalized disorder characterized pathologically by loss of joint cartilage and reactive new bone formation. It tends to affect predominantly the weight-bearing joints (spine, hip, knee, ankle) and the IP joints of the fingers. It is a degenerative joint disease: |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ enlarge the diameter of the medullary cavity by removing bone from the diaphysis walls. At the same time, ________ from the periosteum produce new bone around the outer circumference. |
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Definition
Osteoclasts - bone resorption
Osteoblasts - bone formation (ossification) |
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Term
| Insufficient mineralization of the adult skeleton: |
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Definition
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Term
| ____-_____ ____ __________ bone densitometry is used to image the hip and spine, assisting in the determination of bone quality. It provides data that measures bone mineral content. |
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Definition
| Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) |
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Term
| Tracheoesophageal Fistulas (TEs) are caused by: |
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Definition
- a complication after esophagoscopy (most common)
- esophageal instrumentation and perforation
- after instrumental dilation of strictures by bougienage
- after pneumatic dilation of the esophagus for treatment of dilation
- after insertion of an NG tube
- after blunt or penetrating trauma to the chest, especially after crush injury |
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Term
| What is the most common type of TE fistula? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a serious complication of a TE fistula? |
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Definition
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Term
| Congenital ________________ _______ result from the failure of a satisfactory esophageal lumen to develop completely separate from the trachea. |
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Definition
| tracheoesophageal (TE) fistulas |
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Term
| A common complication associated w/ hiatal hernias is the pt developing what? |
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Definition
| GERD "Gastroesophageal reflux disease" |
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Term
| Is a congenital medical condition that causes the esophagus to end in a blind-ended pouch rather than connecting normally to the stomach: |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major cause of bowl obstruction in children? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common cause of mechanical small bowl obstruction? |
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Definition
| Fibrous adhesions caused by previous surgery or peritonitis account for almost 75% of all small bowl obstructions |
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Term
| TE fistula type _: is the second most common. It is described as pure esophageal atresia - both upper and lower esophagus are blind pouches |
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Definition
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Term
| TE fistula type _: upper esophagus communicates w/ the trachea; lower segment is a blind pouch. |
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Definition
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Term
| TE fistula type _: most common, upper esophagus forms blind pouch, w/ a distal esophagus communicating w/ the trachea. |
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Definition
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Term
| TE fistula type IV, form _: upper and lower esophageal segments blind pouches w/ both connected to the bronchial tree. |
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Definition
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Term
| TE fistula type IV, form _: called an H fistula, both the trachea and the esophagus are intact. These two structures are connected by a single fistulous tract that can be found at any level. |
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Definition
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Term
| Type IV TE fistulas are ___ most common. |
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Definition
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Term
| Acquired TE fistulas can be caused by what 3 things? |
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Definition
1. Mediastinal malignancy
2. Infection process
3. Trauma |
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