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| the parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance; P stands for parental. [genius.] |
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| the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane. |
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| the covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction. |
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| an enzyme that adds carbon dioxide to PEP to form oxaloacetate. [look back at all our photosynthesis, cell respiration shizz] |
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| a protein appendage loosely bound to the surface of a membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer. |
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| a microbody containing enzymed that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and the degrading hydrogen peroxide. |
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| a type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances, accomplished mainly by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. |
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| a molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophillic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. |
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| a metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide. |
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| the process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
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| the conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes. |
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| light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membran of the chloroplast, consisting of a reaction center surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. There are two types of photosystems, I and II; they absorb light best at different wavelengths. |
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| a type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes. |
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| the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition. |
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| an open channel in the cell wall of a plant throught which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell. |
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| one form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds. |
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| a change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair. |
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the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules, a process that is a prerequisite for fertilization. |
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| the modified end of the 3' end of an mRNA molecules consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides. |
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| a physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change. |
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| the level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids. |
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| an enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer. |
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| an enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer. |
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| a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the Bacteria and Archaea domains. |
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| the first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin is condensing and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleolus and nucleous are still intact. |
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| an active transport mechanism in cell membranes that uses ATP to force hydrogen ions out a cell, generating a membrane potential in the process. |
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