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| a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules. |
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| a two-stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with hald the chromosome number of the original cell. |
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| the first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell. |
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| the second division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell. |
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| the middle primary germ layer of an early embyo that develops into the notochord, the lining of the coelom, muscle, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of the circulatory system. |
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| the ground tissue of a leaf, sandwhiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis. |
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| a type of RNA, synthesized from DNA that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary stucture of a protein. |
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| the totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways. |
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| the third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attatched to microtubules at their kinetichores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate. |
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| a solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplams of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction. |
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| a hollow rod of tubulin in the cytoplams of all eukaryotic cells and in cillia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton. |
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| the most common type of mutation, a base-pair substitution in which the codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid. |
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| an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site for cellular respiration. |
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| a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei. |
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| an assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis. |
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| an organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are monohybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AA and aa produce a monohybrid of genotype Aa. |
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| the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas of monosaccharides are generally some multiple of CH2O |
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