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| a plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate. |
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| a plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into four-carbon compounds, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle. |
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| the second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving atmospheic CO2 fixation and reduction of the fixed caron into carbohydrate. |
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| a plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolsim [w/e that is], an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions, first discovered in the family of Crassulacseae [won't need to know that]. Carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted into organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when the stomata are closed. |
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| a regulatory protein that directly stimulates gene expression. |
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| the incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organsim. |
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| a functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group. |
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| a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. |
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| the disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centrifugation. |
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| a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists. In plant cells, the wall is formed of cellulose fibers embedded in a polysaccharide-protein matrix. The primary cell wall is thin and flexible, whereas the secondary cell wall is stronger and more rigid and is the primary constituent of wood. |
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| the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel. |
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a structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta-1,4-glycosidic linkages. |
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| a membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development. |
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| a structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets. An animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles involved in cell division. |
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| an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis. |
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| an organelle found only in plant cells and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
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| a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids. |
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| the complex DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visivle with a light microscope. |
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| chromosome theory of inheritance |
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| a basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns. |
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| the process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by the pinching of the plasma membrane; specifically, the succession of rapid cell divisions without growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote into a ball of cells. |
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the situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote. |
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| a three nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code. |
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| a body cavity completely lined with mesoderm. |
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| an organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions. |
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| An increase or decrease in the density of a chemical substance in an area. Cells often maintain concentration gradients of ions across their membranes. When a gradient exists, the ions or other chemical substances involved tend to move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated. |
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| a reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water; also called a dehydration reaction. |
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| a membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell |
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| Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells (for example, in vertebrate endocrine cells). It is also a regulator of some bacterial operons. |
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| a route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP, but not NADPH or oxygen. |
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| the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis. |
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| a network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve as a variety of mechanical and transport functions. |
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