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A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells. |
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| The entry compound for the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. |
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| The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins |
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| The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. |
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| alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic effects. |
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| A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure. |
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| alteration of generations |
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| A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants. |
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| an organic molecule possessing both carboxly and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of proteins. |
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| a functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two ydrogen atoms; can act as a base in a solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1. |
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| the verterbrate class of amphibians, represented by frogs and salamanders. |
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| a metabolic pathway that synthesizes a complex molecule from simpler compounds. |
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| the use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the downhillend of electron transport chains. |
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| the fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell. |
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| in an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen, where pollen grains with male gametes form. |
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| a protein secreted by plasma cells that binds to a particular antigen and marks it for elimination. All antibody molecules have the same Y-shaped structure and in their monomer form, consist of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains joined by disulfide bridges. |
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| one of the two prokaryotic domains, the other being Bacteria. |
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| the most diverse phylum in the animal kingdom; includes the horseshore crab, arachnids, crustaceans, millipedes, centipedes, and insects. Arthropods are characterized by a chitinous exoskeleton, molting, jointed appendages, and a body formed of distinct groups of segments. |
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| a type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts. |
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an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
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| a cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondria that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make Atp. ATP synthases provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matix of a mitochondrian. [waterwheel] |
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| An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Autotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones. |
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