A thesis made by Jackson Turner in 1893 that stated that there was no longer a frontier in the U.S. He pointed out that westward expansion supplied ambition for Americans who wanted to succeed and start fresh. So America should supply more ambition by expanding further.

The Homestead act of 1862 gave settlers 120 acres of land as long as they improved the land by farming and building within 5 years. This act wasn't successful because many people didn't know how to farm and lost their land.

A theory made by Charles Darwin in 1859 that applied wealth and capitalism to animals process of natural selection or "survival of the fittest". This theory was often used as and excuse to justify beliefs, fuel discrimination, and point out the poverty stricken conditions of many people of evidence of their unfitness.

Polices that allowed businesses to operate under a small amount of government regulation. This policy provided security for businesses in the 1800's that they needed to encourage industrial investment and growth.

A business in which a number of people shared the ownership. They expanded markets and improved the economy because if a corporation suffered economic problems the investors didn't loose any more money than they put in. 

When a company assigned their stock to a board of trustees who combined them into a new organization. Trusts were used to get around the law that prevented a company from owning stock of another.

When one company achieved control of another product or service. To do this a company usually bought out its competition or drove them out of business.

When wealthy big business owners gave money back to the community. Examples are Carnegie hall and the Rockefeller foundation.

When a person/ group adopts characteristics of another culture. Examples are U.S assimilation of Native Americans.

Old/New Immigrants

An organization formed in 1886 that consisted of skilled workers who focused on specific workers issues. Including wages, working conditions and working hours.

A violent strike led by Eugene Debs in 1894 in which workers protested wage cuts without a decrease in the cost of living in the company town. This set a trend of employers appealing for court orders against unions and winning.

Created in order to satisfy the needs of abolitionists and former slaves. Both believed that freed slaves couldn't assimilate to American society. They supported the "Back to Africa Movement" or taking former slaves back to Africa.

Farmer movement to try and get the states to regulate railroad prices. They were against monopolers.

They didn't have a president, but worked and passed laws that established American income tax. They worked for more American rights.

People worked for rights of consumers and workers and were against trusts and political machines. The Triangle Shirt Waist fire fueled this movement.

One of the most famous African American leaders in the 19th century. He thought that blacks shouldn't focus their attention on segregation but should build up their economic resources and establish their reputation as hardworking and honest citizens.

African American leader who disagreed with Booker T. Washington's theory. He believed that African American should demand their rights or else become permanent victims of racism.

Writers who shinned the light on horrible working conditions to protect workers rights and actually brought change to factory conditions.

A policy promoted by Roosevelt in 1901 based on a quote by an African man " Speak softy and carry a big stick". It encourages Americans to uplift and civilize weaker nations and balance power like carrying a big stick.

A waterway passage completed in 1914 that connected the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean through Panama. One of the main reasons the U.S helped Panama gain independence from Columbia to gain Panama's trust and get the land to build the canal.

This policy introduced in 1904 by Roosevelt stated that the U.S would act as a mediator and keep the peace if a Latin American nation did chronic wrongdoings against European nations. This updated the Monroe Doctrine.

Britain, France, Russia, and Italy who were alliances in WWI. (Belgium and the United States(1917))

A new form of modern warfare in which included mustard gas, tanks, airplanes, submarines, and barbed wire.

A British Passenger ship that was sunk by Germany in 1915. This angered the U.S although Germany argued that the ship was armed.

• Militarism
• Alliances
• Nationalism
• Imperialism
• Assassination of Archduke of Austria-Hungary
  

Warfare in which soldiers dug out and occupied shallow trenches to shoot out at their opponent while still being protected from enemy fire. This was popularly used in WWI and was predictable.

A committee that educated the public using propaganda to stress the wickedness of the enemy and explain the causes and the nature of the war in order to justify the war to Americans.

Espionage Act- gave postal the right to censor treasonable press.

Sedition Act- Made it unlawful to use offensive language towards the U.S government, constitution, or army.

These were passed to prosecute people against the goal of winning the war. They showed how the war lead to suppression of free speech and press.

British and French press and information that was false and told horrible stories of German crimes. I spread to the U.S and swayed public opinion.

Belief that a nation  should isolate itself from all foreign conflicts. In the early stages of the war, Americans wanted to remain isolationists unless a nation directly threatened the U.S.

He became president in 1923, after the death of president Harding and was known as Silent Cal. He encouraged Laissez-Faire in order to help the U.S into a period of economic growth.

A wave of widespread fear of suspected labor unions, anarchists, communists and radicals who were thought to be plotting revolution in the U.S. Palmer raids were raids were Mitchell Palmer ordered the arrest of thousands of suspected communists.The Palmer raids violated many civil rights and led to fear of all immigrants.

Scopes was tried because he taught evolution instead of the Bible, he lost the trial and was fined $100. The trial drew nationwide attention and displayed a major modern science and religion clash that still continues today.

Two Italian immigrants who were tried as suspects of a robbery and murder. Although there was little evidence, they were both anarchists and therefore were convicted and executed in 1927.

Stated that the number of immigrants in a nationality couldn't exceed 3% of the number of people of that nationality living in the U.S in 1910. Established a quota system, or a system to regulate immigration.

Movement of African Americans from the South to the North in search of factory jobs.

Emergence of markets of black writers, musicians, and artists in Harlem in the 1920's. Examples include James Weldon Johnson.

A young women from the 1920's who defied traditional rules of conduct and clothing. Most women didn't desire to be like her, but the it was an important symbol of the womans rights movement.

This case disputed that the Sedition and Espionage acts were illegal. Results: The acts were upheld, its okay to regulate press during a war.

The 18th amendment which outlawed the sale alcohol in the U.S. Because the American public disagreed with it and it was largely disregarded, is was repealed in the 21 amendment. 

A period in which people were getting rich quick because of the stock market. Cause by unregulated stock market and installment buying.

Republicans dominated the presidency in the 1920's. They had a philosophy of low federal spending and little government interference.

Began with the crash of the stock markets and was marked by unemployment. Long and severe economic decline marked by a falling output of goods and services lasting from 1929 to 1941.

Begining of the Great Depression, October 29th 1929 when the stock market crashed, losses of over $30 billion, many tried to pull their money out.

To many goods produced with not many people to buy them.