Term
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Definition
lipid pathway
aquaporin
pores/intracellular caps |
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Term
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Definition
| difference in particle concentrations on 2 sides of a membrane |
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Term
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Definition
The big driving force for water movement
the hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane in response to an osmotic gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| used synonymously in this class. Mmoles of solute/kg or /L of water. Concentration of all solutes in solution – those that can and cannot readily cross a membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
refers only to the concentration of solutes that cannot readily cross membranes – impart a difference across a membrane. Can’t move freely/readily – movement is regulated. Total Osmotic effect is due to these ions
➔ Fluid will move across a membrane until the tonicities on each side are the same |
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Term
| examples of tonicity vs osmolarity |
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Definition
| urea moves freely across. imparts osmolarity, not tonicity |
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Term
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Definition
things moving out
generated by the heart and circulatory system. Greater pressure inside vessel than outside (Pcap) – tends to force fluid out. Counterbalanced a little by physical pressure in the interstitial fluid (Pif)
➔ Too much hydrostatic/venous pressure can cause edema |
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Term
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Definition
things moving in
osmotic pressure generated by proteins dissolved
in plasma. Don’t tend to leave the vascular system. Pull fluid back into the vasculature. |
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Term
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Definition
oncotic and hydrostatic
determine net movement of fluid into and out of capillaries because ion concentrations are normally stable and balanced. The renal system balances the ions in several complex pathway |
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Term
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Definition
crystalloid thinfs that move freely
colloid larger er molecules hang out longer. expert oncotic force |
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Term
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Definition
| ECF and I F have similar conc |
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Term
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Definition
lower conc of dissolved solutes than blood
(ECF osmolarity Dec)
ECF and I forgot vol Inc |
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Term
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Definition
high conc of dissolved solute than in blood
Inc ECF osmolarity |
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Term
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Definition
filters protein!!
produce protein free filtrate |
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Term
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Definition
RBF and Pgc
tubule press vs capillary press
SA available for ultrafiltration |
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Term
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Definition
1) myogenic
dilates/constricts AA via adenosine
2) hormones and ANS
hormones: constrictors (renin-ANGII, endotholin) and dilators (dopamine, ANP, PGs)
neural: Inc vascular resist, Inc renin
3) renal specific
TGF (use Na to send signals to blood flow change in kidneys by sensing at MD) |
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Term
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Definition
| kidneys way to alter GFR in early distal tube through modulations at the nephron |
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Term
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Definition
a way to test glomerular func
inject with dye and examine how much is present in urine relative to plasma over time
use insulin, SDMA, Crwatinine |
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Term
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Definition
| inc in N waste in plasma/serum (cr, urea, BUN) |
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Term
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Definition
caused by leaky glomerulus
protein I’m urine |
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Term
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Definition
effectiveness of reabs of glomerular filtrate reflected in vol and ion conc (mainly Na, Cl, K)
99% of glomerular filtrate should be reabs
mass of soln : mass of equal vol water |
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Term
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Definition
1) generate hypertonic medullary interstitium
2) dilute Tubular fluid in Ascend LoH (reabs NaCl, not water)
3) regulate water perm at CD w/ ADH |
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Term
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Definition
isotonic w plasma
SG 1.008-1.012
normal if animal has abundant water. if animal has good water and these are out of range, suggest a problem w kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
hypertonic relative to plasma
SG >1.012
normal if animal is H2O deprived. should also have high ADH
if kidneys are working, should be 1.030 K9 and 1.040 fel |
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Term
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Definition
hypotonic relative to plasma
SG<1.008
abundant water and dilute urine actively
low ADH |
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Term
| hormones that shift K into cells |
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Definition
| epinephrine, insulin, aldosterone |
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Term
| TGF vs glomerulartubular balance |
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Definition
TGF is for regulating GFR
GTB is more for movement of water via Na |
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Term
| mech for regulating Na and water excretion/retention |
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Definition
1) glomerular tubulobalance (direct)
•ability of PT to reabs a fixed fraction of solutes
2) press naturesis
3) ADH
4) renin-ANG-Aldo
5) ANP
• decrease Na retention —> water follows
• indirectly Dec renin secretion via SYMP syst |
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Term
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Definition
• the ability of PT segments to absorb a constant fraction of glomerular filtrate solutes
• only a fixed fraction of Na can be reabs
• if there’s excess Na, it will be excreted in urine |
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Term
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Definition
effective circulating volume
receptors alter Na excretion, water follows |
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Term
| the vascular system and ECV |
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Definition
systems from high pressure side (arterial) drive Na retention
systems from low press side (venous) drive Na excretion |
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Term
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Definition
1) low press mechanics/vol
•ANP
2) high pressure baro/press
•aortic arch and carotid sinus work w/ NE and renin -ANG
3) kidney JgA cells and nerves
•alter renin-AnG |
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Term
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Definition
creatine- provides E for musc contraction
creatinine- byproduct of creatine, made at a constant rate
creatine kinase- enz |
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Term
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Definition
•5 enz - 2 in mito, 3 in cyto
•many AA breakdown —> glutamine —> metab to NH4 w/ glutamate dehydrogenase —> at same time, aspartate—> arginine
- arginine + NH4 = urea
• very diffusable in tubular system |
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Term
| Renal Reg of other solutes (Mg, Ca &P) |
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Definition
| Anything other than Na, K Cl go out by paracellular mech |
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Term
| Non-Volatile (Fixed) Acids/Bases |
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Definition
| by-products of protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as sulfuric and phosphoric acid, antacids, ketone bodies, and lactic acid |
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Term
| Henderson-Hasselbach Equation |
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Definition
allows mathematical determination of pH, CO2, or HCO3- (dissociated and/or undissociated acid) levels in blood.
Determined from [CO2], [HCO3-], and the pKa.
Relationship between buffer (pKa) and log relationship between amount of acid and base. |
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Term
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Definition
| volume breathed in one breath in normal breathing |
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Term
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) |
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Definition
| volume between normal and maximal inhalation |
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Term
| Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) |
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Definition
| volume between normal passive and maximal exhalation |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation (healthy lungs are never completely empty of gas – can’t breathe it out |
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Term
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Definition
P = 2T/r
P = pressure,
r = radius of small sphere,
T = surface tension.
Equation that describes surface tension differences between differently sized alveoli. Pulmonary surfactant acts on T, tension, to equalize P, pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of the ease with which lungs and thorax expand. Greater compliance = easier it is for a change in pressure to cause expansion. |
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Term
| conditions that dec compliance |
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Definition
pulmonary fibrosis (less elastin), pulmonary edema (fluid in alveoli), respiratory distress syndrome (premature infants produce less surfactant),
pleural effusion (fluid causes positive pressure on lungs – pushes on them – can cause dyspnea/partial lung collapse) |
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Term
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Definition
parts of the respiratory system that get ventilated but do not perform gas exchange
ANTAOMICAL- trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, Upper aw
ALVEOLAR- poorly perfused alveoli
EQUIPMENT- ET tube |
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Term
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Definition
inspiratory dyspnea
•Physical Narrowing: stenotic nares, long soft palate
•Functional (Dynamic Narrowing): dorsal displacement of the soft palate
•Physical & Functional Narrowing - Combined: laryngeal hemiplegia, brachycephalic
severe nasal edema, laryngeal edema or paralysis. Retropharyngeal masses, guttural pouch tympany, pharyngeal paralysis and collapse |
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Term
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Definition
expiratory dyspnea (difficulty breathing), shallow and rapid breathing
•Physical Narrowing: intrathoracic airways due to accumulations of secretions and purulent (pus) material, and bronchoconstriction
•Dynamic Collapse: of intrathoracic airways, including collapsed trachea (‘honking’ expiratory noise) |
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Term
| passive influences on PVP and PVR |
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Definition
1) cardiac press/bp
2) pulmonary inflation
-inhale ==> a/v dilate, alv caps compress (blood out)
-exhale ==> a/v compressed, alv caps dilate (blood in)
3) cap distensoon and recruitment
- inc in Perfusion press = deistension and recruitment
4) hematocrit/pcv
- inc PCV = inc blod visocity = inc PVR
5) vasc anatomy/postion
- Dorsal more perfused than ventral |
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Term
| active influences on PVP and PVR |
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Definition
1) neural and hormonal
-depends on amoutn of vasc smooth musc (cattle/pigs >> horses > K9s and sheep)
VASOCOSNTRICT: stim of a1 adrenergic, inflammatory mediators (histamine, serotonin, bradykinin) some PGs
VASODILATE: stim B2 adrenergic w/ epin, NO, most PGs
2) O2 tension
- dec conc pulm arteriole = vaso constrciiton |
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Term
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Definition
provide back up supply in the event of collapse/ occlusion
maintins blood flow |
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Term
| Physiologic factors affecting alveolar conc |
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Definition
humidity
- PO2 air < PO2 env
- water displaces O2
co2 level
- PO2 air < PO2 env
- alveolar ventilation inc when CO2 rises
O2 diffusion into bs
- PAO2 < PO2 inspired air (b/c o2 cont diffusing out of alveoli in blood)
-PAO2 rises during inhalation, falls during exhalation |
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Term
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Definition
| Where R = the respiratory exchange ratio (rate of CO2 production/rate of O2 consumption – how much CO2 you make for every O2 inspired). When PACO2 rises, PAO2 falls, and vice versa – inverse relationship. Typically ~0.8, for our purposes we call it 1. |
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Term
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Definition
passive process, relies on:
D: depends on melecular wt and solubility
A: lrger SA = rapid diffusion
X: inc x = less efficient diffusion
driving force: pressure difference/gradient helps drive diffusion
for tissues, relies on:
X and dirivng force |
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Term
| ventialtion/ perfusion ratio (V/q) |
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Definition
there isa relatively fixed relationship between ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q) for each alveolus, and animal overall – called the Ventilation/Perfusion (V/Q) Ratio. Tends to differ regionally (dorsal vs ventral) in an animals lungs
Impaired ventilation is associated with low V/Q ratios
Impaired profusion is associated with high V/Q ratios |
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Term
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Definition
Right-to-Left Shunt –
Causes:
atelectasis (collapsed alveoli),
severe airway obstruction,
accumulation of fluid/debris,
congenital vascular defects
CAN BE FIXED W/ SUPPLEMENTAL O2 |
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Term
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Definition
clots and vessel compresison
CANNOT BE FIXED W/ SUPPLEMENTAL O2 |
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Term
| Factors that Affect Oxygen Transportation by Hemoglobin |
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Definition
PO2
- more PO2, the more saturated the system tries to be
Temp
- inc T = dec Hb affinity for O2
PCO2 and pH
- Bohr Shift: affinity directly realted to pH (higher affinity = high CO2)
- drop in pH causes a R shift
organic phosphates: 2,3 DPG
- low PO2 = inc DPG
- oxy Hb curve R shift
- if need higher affinity, have less DPG around |
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Term
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Definition
deoxygeanted blood can carry more CO2 b/c O2 isnt there anymore
doesnt contribute to acid load when on Hb or dissociate into acid
tiss PCO2 > blood PCO2 |
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Term
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Definition
1) bicarb (CO2 converted to bicard by CA)
2) carbamino (bound to globin in Hb)
3) CO2 (dissolved in plasma) |
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Term
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Definition
FETUS: y, B chains (have higher affinity); lower affinit yfor DPG. lower PO2; higher Hb conc; higher cardiac output
MATERNAL: a, B chains |
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Term
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Definition
1) airway Rs
SARS (in aw sm musc -> stretch temrinates insp)
irritant (in coryna -> trigger bronconstriction for cough)
J Rs (in pulm interst near caps -> >RR in nfection, allergic)
2) sensory input ffrom skeltal musc (sc adn musc spindles -> monitor force of contract)
3) chemoR from carotid (adult) and aortic bodies (fetus)
- central (medulla, pons, ventricles -> sense changes in PaCO2, PaO2, pH)
- peripheral (bifurc of carotid aa -> TYPE 1 carotid: glmus cells, sensory, trigger APs
TYPE 2 carotid: susentacular cells, support
4) sesnsory input from peripheral Rs
- pain Rs inc RR and depth |
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Term
| Three Mechanisms/Metabolic Pathways in Pulmonary Endothelium: |
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Definition
1) Hydrolysis – break them down
2) Hydrolysis and Transport – transport resources into cell and recycle them
3) Transport and Degradation – transport en mass into cell and degrade it |
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