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| In any word of the united state, the voters of the 1860 presidential election took the oath in which they might write a new state constitution with specific requirements, elect a new state government. That state would be considered reconstructed and restored to its place in the Union back in the United States, which was Lincoln’s original reason for making war on the South. Such governments had to be republican in form, must recognize the “permanent freedom” of the slaves, and must provide for black education. It needs to be a republic for all people to participate in the government equally. |
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| The Wade-Davis Bill is crucial because it provided for constitutional conventions only after a majority of the others in a southern state had taken a loyalty oath. It formulated a far more stringent and vengeful policy than the President's. It means that the Southern states succeeded from the Union and left to be loyal. The Wade-Davis Bill was also crucial for a new conception of national and congressional power. |
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| The Radical reconstruction is the plan was to find opportunities to continue punishing the South; protecting the freedmen (and women and children) whom the Republicans had just rescued from slavery; and remaking the U.S. government by diminishing the powers of the President and the Supreme Court and making the Republican Congress the rulers of the country. It was important because they were to readmit and rebuild the Confederate states and help African Americans back into society. |
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| He was the first president that was impeached for firing one of Lincoln’s cabinet members. He is important because he was the president until his impeachment for violating the Tenure of Office Act of 1867. |
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| It is essential because it is the period beginning with the liberal readmission of southern states to the Union as proposed by Lincoln and his successor Andrew Johnson. Black codes are labor laws. Basic law requires a slave to have a job. They were restrictive laws designed to limit the freedom of African Americans and ensure their availability as a cheap labor force after slavery was abolished during the Civil War. The primary purpose of the Black Codes was to make African Americans inferior citizens in Southern states. |
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| Union Leagues were an exclusive social club in Philadelphia for upper-class males; rich black males are created to get black men voting, which has been adopted during the war as a title for patriotic clubs throughout the North. Republicans began developing Union leagues in the South to recruit and register black voters and ensure that they got to the polls and voted Republican on election day. Union Leagues were important because of these new black Southern Republican voters that Ulysses S. Grant and the Republican Party were able to retain their hold on the White House in 1872. It changed our country and our culture that it had been adopted during the war as a title for patriotic clubs throughout the North. Now, Republicans began developing Union Leagues in the South to recruit and register black voters and ensure that they got to the polls and voted (Republican) on election day. With their rituals and secret passwords and their mystique of Father Abraham, black men flocked to the Union Leagues, and the Republican Party in the Southern states became massive with the infusion of new black voters. In most obvious are these gigantic black voters. The presidency of the US Army that protects the governments. |
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| This was important because Freedman’s Bureau acted as a welfare agency for blacks and poor whites and as an education and labor bureau (and labor relations board). It had been established in March 1865 to care for refugees. |
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| Carpetbagger is a pejorative term for Northerners who went to the South after the Civil War to exploit the new political power of freed blacks and the disenfranchisement of former Confederates. Carpetbaggers are politicians, promoters, etc. from the outside whose influence has been resented. |
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| He was important because he was a former general with a flawless reputation. |
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| It was important because it was an informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election. It resulted in the United States federal government pulling the last troops out of the South and formally ended the Reconstruction Era, which involved Democrats who controlled the House of Representatives, allowing the decision of the Electoral Commission to take effect. Through the Compromise, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops whose support was essential for the survival of Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana. The Compromise of 1877 is important because, without it, the Republicans would have continued their dominance in Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana, and the Reconstruction Era wouldn't have ended when it did. |
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| It was important because it was the electoral voting bloc of the states of the Southern United States for issues that were regarded as particularly crucial to the interests of Democrats in those states. |
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| It was important because it is a slogan in the history of the American South and exclusively agrarian society to one that embraced industrial development and transitioned from farmers to factory workers. |
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| Grantism is a derisive term of United States origin referring to the political incompetence, corruption, and fraud, during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant. |
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| He was important because he was a journalist and orator who helped reintegrate. Grady was praised for his great passion for political oratory (he supported Prohibition and a Georgia veterans' home for disabled or elderly Confederate soldiers), commitment to the new peace, and well-known sense of humor. |
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| Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union was formed in 1886 in Texas. Even though both black and white farmers faced great difficulties due to the rising price of farming and the decreasing profits which were coming from agriculture, the protective organization known as the Southern Farmers' Alliance did not allow black farmers to join. A group of black farmers decided to organize their alliances to fill their needs. The organization rapidly spread across the Southern United States, peaking with a membership of 1.2 million in 1891. Following Reconstruction, black farmers faced the same economic problems as the whites—low prices, growing debt, and spiraling interest rates. Excluded based on race from membership in the Southern Farmers ' Alliance, the blacks formed a separate organization in Texas in 1886. |
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| Southern Farmers Alliance |
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| It is important because it expanded in northeastern Texas, which rapidly spread throughout the cotton states after 1885. But the Alliances had more success on the political front. The Southern, Midwestern, and Colored Farmers’ Alliances pulled into a loose association, elected a few governors, some state and federal legislators, and out of this success evolved what many had been calling for, a third political party dedicated to the interests of the farmers. |
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| Populists are essential because they began to elect state legislatures, then a few governors, then even a few senators and representatives to Congress. Populists are politicians who claim to represent the common people. |
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| James Baird Weaver was a member of the United States House of Representatives and a two-time candidate for President of the United States. Born in Ohio, he moved to Iowa as a boy when his family claimed a homestead on the frontier. He became politically active as a young man and was an advocate for farmers and laborers. |
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| The Panic of 1893 was a severe economic depression in the United States that began in 1893 and ended in 1897. It deeply affected every sector of the economy and produced political upheaval that led to the realigning election of 1896 and the presidency of William McKinley. |
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| In United States history, the Gilded Age was an era that occurred during the late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. The Gilded Age was an era of rapid economic growth, especially in the Northern United States and the Western United States. The Gilded Age and the Progressive Era are periods that played an essential role in the development of American society. The Gilded Age is a period of American history between 1870 and 1900. By this, he meant that this period was glittering on the surface but corrupt underneath. |
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| The Tweed ring at its height was an engineering marvel, strong and solid, strategically deployed to control key power points: the courts, the legislature, the treasury, and the ballot box. Its frauds had a grandeur of scale and an elegance of structure: money-laundering, profit sharing, and organization. |
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| They were anti-strike. It was a curious organization founded in 1869 by a group of Philadelphia garment workers headed by Uriah H. Stephens. |
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| Terence Vincent Powderly was an American labor union leader, politician, and attorney, best known as the head of the Knights of Labor in the late 1880s. He was elected mayor of Scranton, Pennsylvania, for three 2-year terms, starting in 1878. |
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| American Federation of Labor |
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| It is a union formed in 1886 that organized skilled workers along craft lines. It focused on workplace issues rather than political or social reform. |
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| John Pierpont Morgan Sr. was an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance on Wall Street throughout the Gilded Age. |
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| Ida Bell Wells-Barnett was an African American investigative journalist, educator, and an early leader in the civil rights movement. She was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. |
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| A literacy test assesses a person's literacy skills: their ability to read and write. Various governments have administered literacy tests to immigrants. |
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| A grandfather clause is a provision in which an old rule continues to apply to some existing situations, while a new rule will apply to all future cases. Those exempt from the new rule are said to have grandfather rights or acquired rights or to have been grandfathered. |
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| The Court ruled that even in places of public accommodation, such as railroads and, by implication, schools, segregation were legal as long as facilities of equal quality were provided: “If one race be inferior to the other socially, the Constitution of the United States cannot put them upon the same plane.” The case stemmed from an 1892 incident in which African American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a car for blacks. The Plessy v. Ferguson case was critical because it established the constitutionality of “separate but equal” laws, in which states segregated public services and accommodations for African-Americans and whites. Decided in 1896, Plessy v. Ferguson dictated racial law throughout the country until Brown v. Board of Education |
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| In the Plessy case, he protested this line of argument. “Our Constitution is color blind. The two races in this country are indissolubly linked together, and the interests of both require that the common government of all shall not permit the seeds of race hatred to be planted under the sanction law.” |
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| Scipio Africanus Jones was an African American educator, lawyer, judge, philanthropist, and Republican politician from the state of Arkansas. He was most known for having guided the appeals of the twelve African American men condemned to death after the Elaine Race Riot of October 1919. |
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| Booker T. Washington found Tuskegee Institute for blacks; urges self-improvement in Atlanta Compromise Speech. |
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| William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was an American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, writer, and editor. |
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| “Fighting Bob” LaFollette |
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| LaFollette was a consummate showman who never rose entirely above rural prejudices. Robert Marion La Follette Sr. was an American lawyer and politician. He represented Wisconsin in both chambers of Congress and served as the Governor of Wisconsin. |
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| The Wisconsin Plan (also known as the Wales Plan and Canada Plan; originally Continuous Mediation Without Armistice) was a proposal created by Julia Grace Wales to end the First World War. In education. The Wisconsin Idea is a philosophy embraced by the University of Wisconsin System (UW System) that holds that university research should be applied to solve problems and improve health, quality of life, the environment, and agriculture for all citizens of the state. |
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| Alonzo Franklin Herndon was an African American entrepreneur and businessman in Atlanta, Georgia. Born into slavery, he became one of the first African American millionaires in the United States, first achieving success by owning and operating three large barbershops in the city that served prominent white men. |
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| Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. All were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period. The laws were enforced until 1965. |
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| Progressivism is a political philosophy in support of social reform. It is based on the idea of progress in which advancements in science, technology, economic development, and social organization are vital to the improvement of the human condition. Progressives mean favoring reform, forward-thinking. |
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| Ida Minerva Tarbell was an American writer, investigative journalist, biographer and lecturer. She was one of the leading muckrakers of the Progressive Era of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and pioneered investigative journalism. |
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| Andrew Carnegie was the kingpin of industry who came to the United States at the age of 12. Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist. Carnegie led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and became one of the wealthiest Americans in history. He became a leading philanthropist in the United States and the British Empire. |
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| The Homestead strike, also known as the Homestead steel strike or Homestead massacre, was an industrial lockout and strike which began on July 1, 1892, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents on July 6, 1892. The battle was a pivotal event in U.S. labor history. |
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| Henry Clay Frick was an American industrialist, financier, union-buster, and art patron. He founded the H. C. Frick & Company coke manufacturing company, was chairman of the Carnegie Steel Company, and played a significant role in the formation of the giant U.S. Steel manufacturing concern. |
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| Edwin Laurentine Drake, also known as Colonel Drake, was an American businessman and the first American to drill for oil successfully. |
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| John Davison Rockefeller Sr. was an American business magnate and philanthropist. He is widely considered the wealthiest American of all time, and the wealthiest person in modern history. Rockefeller was born into a large family in upstate New York that moved several times before eventually settling in Cleveland, Ohio. |
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| Muckraker is a term of honor. Muckraker is a person who searches for and publicizing real or alleged corruption in politics. The muckrakers were reform-minded journalists in the Progressive Era in the United States (1890s–1920s) who exposed established institutions and leaders as corrupt. They typically had large audiences in popular magazines. |
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| Protective tariffs are tariffs that are enacted to protect the domestic industry. They aim to make imported goods cost more than equivalent goods produced domestically, thereby causing sales of locally produced goods to rise, supporting the local industry. Protective tariffs are intended to protect the domestic industry from foreign competition. |
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| In 1905, Haywood was charged with taking part in the murder of Frank R. Steunenberg, the former governor of Idaho. The trade union movement much-hated Steunenberg after using federal troops to help break strikes during his period of office. |
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| The Haymarket Riot (also known as the “Haymarket Incident” and “Haymarket Affair”) occurred on May 4, 1886, when a labor protest rally near Chicago's Haymarket Square turned into a riot after someone threw a bomb at police. At least eight people died as a result of the violence that day. |
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| Anarchists are people who rebel against the established order of laws. |
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| William McKinley served two terms of his presidency until his assassination in 1901. |
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| Marcus Alonzo Hanna was an American businessman and Republican politician who served as a United States Senator from Ohio as well as chairman of the Republican National Committee. |
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| William Jennings Bryan was an American orator and politician from Nebraska. Beginning in 1896, he emerged as a dominant force in the Democratic Party, running three times as the party's nominee for President of the United States in the 1896, 1900, and 1908 elections. |
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| The Spanish American War was fought to free Cuba, but the first action took place on the other side of the globe, in the Philippines islands. The Spanish American War was an armed conflict between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba, leading to U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. The Spanish-American War has a major historical significance because even though the war did give great power to the U.S., but we had the economic growth that provides the U.S. with great power from previous years ago. Before the Spanish-American war, the congress passed the Teller Amendment that was promising that the U.S. would leave Cuba, independent. |
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| President Roosevelt became President shortly after McKinley’s assassination and was later elected in 1904. Theodore Roosevelt is essential to US History because he was: An extremely popular President; More importantly, an extremely COMPETENT President; Responsible for the Panama Canal, which not only was very important to US defenses but significant to world trade. |
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| Sarah Breedlove, known as Madam C. J. Walker, was an American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and political and social activist. Walker was considered the wealthiest African American businesses woman and wealthiest self-made woman in America at the time of her death in 1919. |
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| Teller amendment says a rider to the 1898 war resolution with Spain, whereby Congress pledged that it did not intend to annex Cuba and that it would recognize Cuban independence from Spain. The Teller Amendment was an amendment to a joint resolution of the United States Congress, enacted on April 20, 1898, in reply to President William McKinley's War Message. It placed a condition on the United States military's presence in Cuba. The Teller Amendment was a statutory amendment that placed restrictions on the activities and purpose of US military personnel operating in Cuba during the Spanish-American War. It required that the US not attempt to annex Cuba in any way and to leave the country "to the people" at the cessation. |
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| A law passed in 1901 and superseding the Teller Amendment, which stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of American Forces from Cuba; it also transferred ownership of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay to the United States. Approved on May 22, 1903, the Platt Amendment was a treaty between the U.S. and Cuba that attempted to protect Cuba's independence from foreign intervention. It permitted extensive U.S. involvement in Cuban international and domestic affairs for the enforcement of Cuban independence. |
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| Frederick James Turner published “Significance of the Frontier in American History,” which argued that the frontier experience, through which every section of the country had passed, had affected the thinking of the people and the shape of American institutions. Frederick Jackson Turner was an American historian during the early 20th century, based at the University of Wisconsin until 1910, and then at Harvard. He was known primarily for his “Frontier Thesis.” He trained many PhDs who became well-known historians. |
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