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-(356-323 BC)
-He was the King of Macedon, a state in the northeast region of Greece, & by the age of thirty was the creator of one of the largest empires in ancient history, stretching from the Ionian Sea in the west to the Himalayas in the east.
-Aristotle was his teacher
-He was undefeated in battle & considered to be one of the most successful commanders of all time
-He helped to create his own myth, with historians in tow as he conquered various places
-His deeds create the Hellinistic world-Greeks move into Asia and Africa, Athens is no longer the center of Greek culture
-When he died he did not leave an heir which resulted in the Wars of the Diodochi (322-275 BC)
-Alexander was a world conqueror, war strategist, King of Macedon, Hegemon of the League of Corinth, Commander of the Imperial Army, King of Persia, Pharoah of Egypt, Overlord of Bactrian Dynasty, and a god who demanded appropriate honors. |
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| Antigonus Monophthalmus ("the One-Eyed") |
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-(382–301 BC)
-Was a Macedonian nobleman, general, and satrap under Alexander the Great
-He was a major figure in the Wars of the Diadochi after Alexander's death, declaring himself king in 306 BC and establishing the Antigonid dynasty. |
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-(397 BC–319 BC)
-Was a Macedonian general and a supporter of kings Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great. In 320 BC, he became regent=(head of state) of all of Alexander's empire. |
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-(early 3rd century - after 246 BC)
-Was a poet, and a librarian at the Library of Alexandria.
-He is best known for his epic poem the Argonautica, which told the mythological story of Jason and the Argonauts' quest for the Golden Fleece, and which is one of the chief works in the history of epic poetry. |
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-Is a Greek epic poem written by Apollonius of Rhodes in the 3rd century BC.
-The only surviving Hellenistic epic, the Argonautica tells the myth of the voyage of Jason and the Argonauts to retrieve the Golden Fleece from the mythical land of Colchis. |
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-(384 BC – 322 BC)
-Was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.
-He started tutoring Alexander the Great in 343 BC, he was thought to be playing a role in the death of Alexander because they had fallen on hard times towards the end of Alexander's life |
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-(86-160)
-Was a Roman historian, public servant, a military commander and a philosopher
-His most important work is Anabasis of Alexander, generally considered one of the best sources on the campaigns of Alexander the Great. |
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-(316 BC – 270 BC)
-She was the queen of Thrace, Asia Minor and Macedonia as wife of King Lysimachus, and later co-ruler of Egypt with her brother and husband Ptolemy II Philadelphus (which means "Ptolemy the sibling-loving")
-Ptolemy and her did that because for one reason that's what Egypt's Pharaoh's and the Pharaoh's wives did |
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| -The Battle of Ipsus was fought between some of the Diadochi (the successors of Alexander the Great) in 301 BC near the village of that name in the west central part of Anatolia |
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| -The Battle of Raphia was a battle fought on 217 BC near modern Rafah between the forces of Ptolemy IV Philopator, king of Egypt and Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom during the Syrian Wars. It was one of the largest battles of the Hellenistic kingdoms of the Diadochi and was waged to determine the sovereignty of Coele Syria. |
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-(355–326 BC)
-Was Alexander the Great's horse and one of the most famous actual horses of antiquity
-It was said that he could not be broken, but Alexander, who was only a teen, said to his father, Philip II, to let him try to tame Bucephelas. He did tame him |
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-recycled papyrus-using papyrus sheets to wrap sacred animals and to make even human mummy masks
-Sacred animals were popular in Egypt
-This discovery of this method of preservation vastly increased knowledge
about Hellinistic period
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-(350 BC – 297 BC)
-King of Macedonia (305–297 BC), was a son of Antipater, and founder of the Antipatrid dynasty.
-One of the Diadochi
-A leading figure in the coalition war against Antigonus (315-311 BC) |
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-(380–330 BC)
-Persian monarchy is weak and vulnerable under Darius III, and according to Isocrates it could be taken easily
-In 334 BC, Alexander the Great began his invasion of the Persian Empire and subsequently defeated the Persians in a number of battles before taking the capital Persepolis in 331 BC.
-With the Persian Empire now effectively under Alexander's control, Alexander then decided to pursue Darius, but Darius was killed by one his satraps before Alexander could reach him. |
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| Demetrius Poliorcetes ("the Besieger") |
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-(337 BC – 283 BC)
-He is one of Plutarch's nine lives
-Represents a possible successor to Alexander
-Demetrius is presented in Plutarch in a negative way.
-Demetrius and Alexander: both have a desire to expand, Demetrius is fighting on multiple fronts, Alexander only one
-Son of Antigonus I, rapidly acquired military distinction commanding Antigonus's cavalry
-Son of Antigonus I Monophthalmus and Stratonice, was a King of Macedon (294–288 BC). He belonged to the Antigonid dynasty.
-His descendants remained in possession of the Macedonian throne till the time of Perseus, when Macedon was conquered by the Romans in 168 BC.
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-348-322 BC
-Was a prominent Greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens.
-Consistently suspicious of Alexander
-He thinks Alexander is a deceitful barbarian
-351 BC delivered the First Phillipic which pleaded for more vigorous prosecution of the war for Amphipolis. His proposals were not accepted. He was to write two more Philippic speeches |
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-successors to Alexander post 323 BC
-Leads to large scale turf warfare, struggle for the spoils from 321 BC-280 BC
-Three great kingdoms ruled by descendants of Ptomemy, Selekous, and Antigonus, with many leagues or secondary state formations on the edges of Alexander's empire.
-Their basic goal is to carve out defensible, taxable territory that is going to be stable enough to control
-It is extremely hard to hold onto territory
-Some try to control Alexander's whole world, others, like Ptolemy, know it is impossible
-This never gets resolved, a balance of power is never achieved
-There is no peace, no international framework or way to solve disputes, it is purely military solutions
-The period from the death of Alexander to Cleopatra-300 years-with only 5 years of no warfare and yet it is an age of magnificent material culture, philosophical schools, architecture, and large buildings
-Most of the people who succeeded Alexander were in regional governance already. When Alexander died he didn't appoint anyone, so it became this free for all. A group of people met after his deathand chopped up territory according to where they had already ruled
-After Alexander's death at first it was composed of the Persian empire's framework-people get provinces or satrapies to govern. The idea of taking over governable, manageable communities. Continuity. This policy makes sense--but survives about 2 days
-Ptolemaic Dynasty-from Ptolemy, Alexander's general. Ptolemy is 44 at Alexander's death, inherited the satrapy of Egypt in 323.
-Seleucid-core of the Persian empire. Seleucus-35 years old at Alexander's death, Macedonian noble and sub-commander, friend to Alexander. He was going to inheritthe Persian empire from Asia minor to Indus River Valley-ends up being an important region but unstable dynasty
-Antigonids in Greece- continous Macedonian tradition, trying to dominate Greek world
-Leagues-city/states in Greek world band together-minimal states, cooperate for some things but not all
-Hellenistic kingdoms are different politically from Persian style (loosely controlled from an imperial core/center)-Ptolemy's are governing Egypt from the core of Egypt itself. These new states establish political relations differently-governing territories as rulers within the territory
-Outcomes-series of smaller kingdoms and Greek leagues with larger kingdoms of Ptolemies, Seleucids, Antagonids playing them off of each other |
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-It is a word used to talk about the whole Hellenistic time period, from 323 BC until the first century BC
-It derives directly from Greek to mean "I do good things."
-It is the practice of notables to distribute a part of their wealth to the community or society or the state
-The socio-political phenomenon of voluntary gift-giving to the ancient community
-Philanthropy is starting to be understood as a Cardinal virtue of rulers.
-Origins go back to aristocratic ideal of liberality found in Homerand echoedby Aristotle, who included acts of magnificence as virtues of a well born man
-Civic euergetism was a mixture of social display, patriotism, and political self-interest. It was not charity, since its main beneficiary was the citizen-group. |
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-(362 BC—316 BC)
-Secretary to Phillip and Alexander the Great of Macedon
-A royal favorite and bitterly resented by many native Macedonians, he received prestigious commands during Alexander's reign and attached himself to Perdiccas after Alexander's death
-Thanks to Perdiccas, he was appointed satrap of Cappadocia and installed by the royal army |
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-Deification of Alexander, in 324 BC, sure to provoke violent reactions from mainland Greek states.
-Breeched League of Corinth protocols. |
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-(436–338 BC)
-An ancient Athenian orator. In his time, he was probably the most influential rhetorician in Greece and made many contributions to rhetoric and education through his teaching and written works.
-In Greek court in the 4th century he sees Phillip as the savior of Greece. Sees Phillip as a fulfiller of Panhellenic aspirations.
-Makes arguments that Phillip is the salvation of the Greek world, that they need a strong leader like this; he advocated siding with Phillip and avenging Persian mistreatment by destroying their empire.
-Demosthenes is the biggest opponent of this strategy.
-Letter to Phillip in 345 after the peace of Philocrates. He is trying to bring Phillip into their realm, says Phillip should work to unite the four main powers in the Greek world, then, as a solidified Greek unity they could initiate an expedition to Persia. Isocrates presents this as a necessary revenge.
-In 346 BC-he published his most famous treatise-the Phillipus-which called on Phillip to take the lead of both the concord of the Hellenes and the campaign against the barbarians
-Sent letters to Phillip asking him to lead the Greeks against the Persians-arguable how important these were |
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-It was during the winter of (323–322 BC)
-Indicative of Greece being a mess/ongoing political instability.
-Fought after the death of Alexander the Great by Macedon under Antipater versus a Greek coalition led by Athens and Aetolia.
-War ended with Greek defeat at Crannon in Thessaly |
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-315/314 BC was when it was founded
-It included the smaller islands as well as the bigger islands in the Aegean Sea
-It was founded by Antigonus the One-Eyed as part of his attempt to enlist the support of the Greek world
-Then it passed to his son Demetrius Poliorcetes before passing into the hands of the Ptolemies in 286 BC where it remained for some 30 years
-The league was used as an instrument of royal control |
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-Built in the third century BC
-Ancient Library of Alexandria, in Alexandria, Egypt, seems to have been the largest and most significant great library of the ancient world.
-It flourished under the patronage of the Ptolemaic dynasty and functioned as a major center of scholarship from its construction in the 3rd century BC until the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC.
-Library is founded by Ptolemy I and it is the first systematic library in the ancient world with a strong legacy of Aristotle
-Literary scholarship and criticism was the height of learning, but engineers and scientists were there too.
-Scholars in Alexandria were practising pure scholarship for its own sake, same for scientists, not trying to figure out day to day problems or improve quality of life. Pure scholarship.
-Library had roughly 500,000 volumes
-Two key principles-use math to investigate phenomena, empirical research to discover truth
-None of this led to improved living conditions however. No connection between theoretical and applied research, kings were not trying to improve people's lives |
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-(360 BC – 281 BC)
-Macedonian who was prominent in the entourage of Alexander the Great, receiving the rank of bodyguard by 328 BC
-At Babylon in 323 BC he received Thrace as his province
-He made no markin the wars of the successors until 302 BC when he invaded Asia Minor and fought Antigonus I which enabled Seleucusto bring up his army for the decisive battle at Ipsus.
-His reward was Asia Minor north of theTaurus which brought him immense wealth.
-He died in battle in 281 BC.
-He is an original diadochi. |
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-(342–291 BC)
-Hellenistic writer
-Leading writer of new comedy
-Not great literature, low language and themes, but provides insight into Hellenistic aesthetic and literary point of view.
-Classified as "new comedy" or Hellenistic comedy
-Survives through papyriology
-Texts are read throughout Egypt so he must have had an audience
-Wrote Old Cantankerous in 317 BC
-Wrote over 100 plays many of which are intended for performance outside of Athens
-His plays were lost, but many papyri have been recovered, attesting to his popularity inPtolemaic and Roman Egypt
-Plots of his plays focus on private domestic problems, but there is always a love interest.
-Lesson that understanding tolerance and generosity are the keys to happiness in human relationships
-Menander often takes a type figure and either adds to it some unexpected touches or develops the expected traits in a new direction; all individuals are presented as credible |
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-Is an Ancient Greek comedy by Menander, the only one of his plays, or of the whole New Comedy, that has survived in all but complete form
-It was first presented at a festival in 317 BC, where it won Menander first prize.
-Big themes: no man is an island, you can no longer exist alone within society
-There are a lot of tensions-urban vs. rural, city vs. countryside, rich vs. poor, master vs. servant.
-This is literature on the ground
-Long known through fragmentary quotations, a papyrus manuscript of the complete Dyskolos dating to the third century was recovered and published in 1957. |
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-(375–316 BC)
-She is the mother of Alexander the Great
-She is not Macedonian, but married Phillip and bore Alexander the Great
-Her husbands last marriage to Cleopatra led to a serious quarrel in which she retired to her native Epirus.
-Returning after Philip's death, she murdered her rival and daughter to secure Alexander's place as king. |
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| -Is a piece of pottery (or stone), usually broken off from a vase or other earthenware vessel. In archaeology, ostraca may contain scratched-in words or other forms of writing which may give clues as to the time when the piece was in use. The word is derived from Greek ostrakon, meaning a shell or a shard of pottery used as a voting ballot. |
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-(382 – 336 BC)
-Was a Greek king of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in 336 BC. He was the father of Alexander the Great and Philip III.
-Macedon is built around a "mounted noble" ideal and a Homeric social model. Macedonian kings claim descent from Herakles. During chaotic beginnings of Macedon, Macedon makes a push southward for Thessaly in the 360's. Thebes is dragged into the struggle and a peace agreement is finally drawn up. But in the peace offering Thebes demands hostages, of which Phillip II is one, from 368-365 BC (age 15 at the time). He learned in Thebes about "new warfare" including catapults, new formations, the deep phalanx, and the wedge, as well as the mix of arms, a cavalry with an infantry, and the integration of the quicker and lightly armed.
-He also learned about Greek politics, alliances between cities, diplomacy, etc.
-Phillip takes Macedon from outdated mounted noble culture and reorganizes it-changing the military and employing new Greek technology.
-Phillip was a diplomat and a war leader
-In 359 BC takes over the throne of Macedonia after the death of his brother.
-Reforms: revolution in military that defeats the hoplite phalanx, catapult, light armed infantry/cavalry, charismatic leadership of his troops.
-In 346 BC, he gains control over the Delphic League, he is now the undisputed leader of the Greek world and Macedon is now the most powerful single state.
-Phillip makes a lot of alliances but breaks them when he needs to.
-Phillip must maintain relations with the three levels of Macedonian society-ordinary men fighting in the army, elites in Macedonian society, and the close knit inner circle of advisors
-Phillip reorganized the Macedonian society with everything that he did, and Macedon under Phillip is incredibly successful.
-In the Battle for Chaeronea in 338 BC he won a decisive victory over Athens and Thebes along with other smaller city/states. This battle ends the age of city/states
-The Peace of Corinth in 337 BC sets him up to go over to Persia to fight to reclaim what the Persians had done to the Greeks
-But in 336 BC he was assassinated at his daughter's wedding |
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-He is a Roman writer but he lives in Greece, and he is Greek
-Wrote Alexander's biography as well as Demetrius's biography in his book "9 Lives"
-He is far away from the actual events and much later in time
-He writes biography, not history, and the point of his biography is comparison. Taking one Roman life and comparing it with one Greek life.
-He mostly talks about morals and the essence of a person. Events are not his focus. Morals are the essential point.
-Portrays Alexander as good, as an exemplar
-Demetrius is a comedy and tragedy, while Alexander is an epic
-The biography "Parallel Lives" is his greatest achievement |
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-(309 BC – 246 BC)
-He reigned with his dad as a co-regent from 290-283 BC. Then he reigned by himself from 283-246 BC
-A pharaoh but also a Greek military man
-Builds a lot of new buildings->display of wealth and power
-Philadelphus=sister loving, married his sister Arsinoe II
-He fought two Syrian wars with the Seleucid king Antiochus I expanding the Ptolemaic empire to include parts of Asia Minor and Syria as well as Cyrene.
-Successor to Ptolemy I |
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-Date?
-It was a festival brought to the Ptolemies by Ptolemy II Philadelphus. It was a quadrennial festival.
-It was intended to enjoy a status equal to that of the Olympic Games
-The festival was marked by a procession of amazingly elaborate and ingeniously constructed floats, with scenarios... |
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| Rosetta Decree (Stone, Decree of Memphis) |
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-The Rosetta Stone is an Ancient Egyptian rock inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V.
-The decree appears in three scripts: the upper one is in Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle one in Egyptian demotic script, and the lower text in Ancient Greek. Because it presents essentially the same text in all three scripts (with some differences between them), it provided the key to the modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs. |
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-Was a Bactrian noble and a wife of Alexander the Great. She was born earlier than the year 343 BC, though the precise date remains uncertain.
-It was Alexander's first marriage, it was after he had been on his northeast conquest.
-She was resented by a large group of the Macedonian court, but she was protected by Perdiccas, who fought for the rights of her son Alexander IV at Babylon.
-She was secretly murdered in 310 BC. |
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-Long pointed spear
-Found by Phillip sometime during his hostage stay at Thebes 368-365 BC.
-He brought it back to Macedon and totally changed warfare with it. |
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-Representatives in the Persian empire in charge of maintaining order.
-Designates the governorof a formal subdivision known as a satrapy.
-Reflects a title linked to royal favor and royal status |
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| -Sarapis was a Graeco-Egyptian god. He was invented during the 3rd century BC at the orders of Ptolemy I of Egypt as a means to unify the Greeks and Egyptians in his realm. The god was depicted as Greek in appearance, but with Egyptian trappings, and combined iconography from a great many cults, signifying both abundance and resurrection. |
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| -The Syrian Wars were a series of six wars between the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC over the region of Coele-Syria, one of the few avenues into Egypt. These conflicts drained the strength of both parties involved and led to their eventual destruction at the hands of Rome. |
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-The creator of ancient Greek pastoral poetry, flourished in the 3rd century BC.
-He is from Syracuse in Sicily.
-Worked at Alexandrian court in the 270s BC
-Creator of the bucolic genre or poems talking about pastoral things |
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-321 BC
-Antipatros declared regent
-It was a conference to try to divy up the land that Alexander left behind |
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-anabasis=the march upcountry
-Book gives a Greek eyewitness account of this march of 10,000 Greeks and of the Persian empire in 401 BC.
-It is important because Xenophon is an important and learned Greek thinker who also was a soldier and wrote the history of how 10,000 Greek soldiers made their way back safely to the Greek world from Persia.
-It is the first time the Greeks had real information about the Persian empire
-Allowed them to think that a rebellion against the Persian empire might succeed, maybe they are not as impenetrable as we think
-An account of Cyrus' rebellion and the fate of the Greek mercenaries, dominated by Xenophons 's personal role in recruiting the army.
-There is implicit endorsement of the Panhellenist thesis that Persia was vulnerable to concerted attack and of a more general view about Greek superiority over barbarians. |
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-A large group of documents discovered at the site of ancient Philadelphia in the Fayum region of Egypt. These papyri, which were documents kept by Zenon, the secretary to an important official in the Egyptian government, are some of our earliest Greek documents from Ptolemaic Egypt, and date from the third century BC, between the reigns of Ptolemy II and Ptolemy III.
-It is a few thousand documents about the administration of a large plantation-the land of the finance minister named Apalonius.
-Detailed instructions on where to put canals, how you should dig them, what places would be the best to grow crops, how to farm land, taking care of animals |
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