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Midterm Exam
Studying for my midterm
80
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
03/23/2011

Additional Sociology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Socialization
Definition
the process by which indivduals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms or a given society and learn to function as a member of that society.
Term
self
Definition
the indiviual identity of a person as percieved by that same person.
Term
I
Definition
one's sense of agency, action or power.
Term
Me
Definition
the self as percieved as an object by the "I"; as the self as one imagines others percieve one.
Term
Other
Definition
someone or something outside of oneself
Term
Generalized other
Definition
An internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings-- regardless of whether we've encountered those people or places before.
Term
Resocialization
Definition
The process by which one's sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are reengineered, often deliberately through an intense social process that may take place in a total institution.
Term
Total institution
Definition
An institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority
Term
Status
Definition
A recognizable social position that an individual occupies
Term
Role
Definition
The duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status.
Term
Role Strain
Definition
the incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status.
Term
Role conflict
Definition
the tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses
Term
Status set
Definition
all the statuses one holds simultaneously.
Term
Ascribed status
Definition
a status into which one is born; involuntary status
Term
Achieved status
Definition
a status into which one enters; voluntary status
Term
Gender roles
Definition
sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female
Term
Symbolic interactionism
Definition
a micro-level theory in which share meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions
Term
Dramaturgical theory
Definition
the view of social life as essentially a theatrical performance, in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages, with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets.
Term
Face
Definition
The esteem in which an individual is held by others
Term
Ethnomethodology
Definition
literally "the methods of the people", this approach to studying human interaction focuses on the ways in which we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a mutually shared social order.
Term
Dyad
Definition
a group of two
Term
Triad
Definition
a group of three or more
Term
Mediator
Definition
member of a triad who attempts to resolve conflict between the two other actors in the group
Term
Tertius gaudens
Definition
the new third member of a triad who benefits from conflict between the other two members of the group
Term
Divide et impera
Definition
a member of a triad who intentionally drives a wedge between the othe two actors in the group.
Term
Small group
Definition
a group characterized by face-to-face interaction, a unifocal perspective, lack of formal arrangements, and a certain level of equality
Term
Party
Definition
a group that is similar to a small group, but multifocal.
Term
Large group
Definition
a group characterized by the presence of a formal structure that mediates interaction and, consequently, status differentiation
Term
Primary groups
Definition
social groups, such as family or friends, composed of intimate face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved
Term
Secondary groups
Definition
groups marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end)
Term
Reference group
Definition
a group that helps us to understand or make sense of our position in society relative to other groups.
Term
Social network
Definition
a set of relations-- essentially, a set of dyads-- held together by ties between individuals.
Term
Tie
Definition
a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network.
Term
ingroup
Definition
another term for the majority
Term
outgroup
Definition
another term for the minority
Term
Narrative
Definition
the sum of stories contained in a set of ties
Term
Embeddedness
Definition
the degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network
Term
Strength of weak ties
Definition
the notion that often relatively weak ties turn out to be quite valuable because they yield new information
Term
Structural hole
Definition
a gap between network clusters, or even two individuals, if those individuals (or clusters) have complentary resources.
Term
Social capital
Definition
any relationship between people that can facilitate the actions of others.
Term
Organization
Definition
any social network that is defined by a common purpose and has a boundary between its membership and the rest of the social world.
Term
Organizational culture
Definition
the shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group; often used interchangeably with corporate culture.
Term
Organizational structure
Definition
the ways in which power and authority are distributed within an organization.
Term
Isomorphism
Definition
a constraining process that forces one organization to resemble others that face the same set of environmental conditions
Term
Social deviance
Definition
any transgression of socially established norms.
Term
informal deviance
Definition
informal violations of social norms
Term
Formal deviance or crime
Definition
the violation of laws enacted by society
Term
Endogamy
Definition
marriage from within one's social group
Term
Exogamy
Definition
marriage from outside one's social group.
Term
Monogamy
Definition
the practice of having only one partner or spouse.
Term
Polygamy
Definition
the practice of having more than one partner or spouse at a time
Term
Polyandry
Definition
the practice of having multiple husbands simultaneously,
Term
Polygyny
Definition
the practice of having multiple wives simultaneously
Term
Nuclear family
Definition
familal form consisting of a father, mother, and their biological children.
Term
Extended family
Definition
familial networks that extend outside or beyond the home.
Term
Cohabitation
Definition
living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning
Term
Kinship networks
Definition
strings of relationships between people related by blood
Term
cult of domesticity
Definition
the notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and childrearing
Term
Second shift
Definition
women's responsility for housework and child care-- everything from cooking dinner, doing laundry, bathing children, reading bedtime stories, and sewing Halloween costumes.
Term
Remittances
Definition
money sent by immigrants to their families in their countries of orgin.
Term
Civil unions
Definition
legally recognized unions explicitly intended to offer similar state-provided legal rights and benefits as marriage.
Term
Domestic partnerships
Definition
legally recognized unions that guarantee only select rights to same-sex couples
Term
Miscegenation
Definition
the techinal term for multiracial marriage, literally meaning " a mixing of kinds"; it is politically and historically charged-- sociologists generally prefer exogamy and outmarriage.
Term
Education
Definition
the process through which academic social and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific are developed.
Term
Functional illiteracy
Definition
the inability to read or write well enough to be functioning in society
Term
Innumeracy
Definition
having insufficient mathematical skills to function in society.
Term
Human captial
Definition
knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable
Term
Human Captital
Definition
knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable
Term
Hidden Curriculum
Definition
the nonacademic socialization and training that takes place in the school system.
Term
Social capital
Definition
any relationship between people that can facilitate the actions of others
Term
Tracking
Definition

a way of dividing students into different classes by ability or future plans.

Term
Pygmalion effect or self-fulfilling prophecy
Definition

process that occurs when behavior is modified to meet preexisting expectations.

Term
Best practices
Definition
teaching methods supported by extensive research
Term
Credentialism
Definition
an overemphasis on credentials for signaling social status or qualifications for a job.
Term
Affirmative actino
Definition
a set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population--typically, women and historically disadvantaged racial minorities.
Term
social class or socioeconomic status
Definition
an individual's position in a stratified social order.
Term
Cultural capital
Definition
cultural and social class resources that people inherit and use to their advantage in various situations
Term
Stereotype threat
Definition
occurs when members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they fear they may confirm those stereotypes
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