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| • The Prince o Who • Niccholo Machiavelli o When • 1513-Early 16th Century o Where • Florence o What Happened • Machiavelli wrote book about acquiring and expanding political power in order to achieve order during his time • Also addressed issue of how he believed rulers should act versus how they act • Assumes humans are naturally bad • Morality should not be the basis for political activity • The ends justify the means • “Its much safer to be feared than loved” • rulers should use power when ruling o Historical Significance • This book could have helped future leaders • Summarizes human nature accurately |
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| • Movable Type o Who • Johannes Gutenberg o When • Mid 14th century o Where • Europe, Venice o What Happened • The metal movable type greatly increased speed of printing • Printing was previously done with wooden blocks • Bible was the first printed book • Moveable type spread rapidly throughout all of Europe • Printing presses were established throughout the holy roman empire o Historical Significance • Being able to print a lot in large quantities quickly encouraged intellectuality • Availability of books encouraged intellectuality • Religious ideas spread around much more quickly (i.e. Luther’s pamphlets) • Printing books encouraged scholarly research and desire to attain knowledge • Helped produced standardized and definitive texts |
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| who ignatious of loyolla where italy when mid 16th century what happened started by spanish nobleman who vowed to be a solider of god when he was injured in battle believed in principles of obediency to papacy, hierarchy for society and use of education loyolla was very strict and commanded the society like the military society established many schools because they believed that if they were smart they could defend themselves against the protestants historical significance helped to restore catholicism in the holy roman empire and in eastern europe |
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| o Who • John calvin o When • 1533 o Where • geneva o What Happened • Idea from calvin’s emphasis on absolute sovereignty of god. • God predestined people to be chosen to be saved or damned before birth • Elect=saved • Reprobate=damned • You could guess what u were by • an open display of faith • a decent and godly life • and participation of sacraments of baptism and communion • Rejected Catholicism • Wealth did not lead to salvation. o Historical Significance • Psychologically convinced people to act better to convince themselves that they were part of the elect • Predestination gave later Calvinists that they were doing gods work |
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| • Indulgences o Who • Luther • Leo X o When • Early 16th century o Where • Europe o What Happened • Indulgences were pardons of a sin and lessened your time in purgatory. • People bought indulgences • Indulgence Controversy • Luther's involvement in the indulgence controversy propelled him into open confrontation with church officials • Did not like sale of indulgences by Leo X • He made 95 theses and mailed them to Leo X as indictments of the abuses in the sale of indulgences • Leo X did not take these seriously • Thousands of copies of the 95 these were made • Johann eck (opponent in debate over salvationa and indulgences) forced luther to move beyond indulgences and deny the authority of the popes and councils • Luther said was doing god's work thus he must continue regardless of consequences • Luther continued to publish more doctrine to establish a definite break with the catholic church • Church excommunicated Luther in 1521 because of the works he had published • Edict of worms made luther an outlaw within in holy roman empire o Historical Significance • Contributed to the reformation of the church because of the controversy it stirred up • Led to bad views of the papacy |
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| • Bill of Exchange o Who • Italian bankers. Peruzi and Bardi families o When • Early 14th century o Where • Italian banks, London, england o What Happened • Bankers lending out money did not lend out gold or silver but instead pieces of paper representing gold and silver • Banks run by the church forbade usury • Usury is the charging of interest on loans • Usury is forbidden in the bible • Italian bankers found a way around this prohibition • Usury only applied to loans, not contracts • Italian bankers borrowed and lended by using bills of exchange • Bill of exchange was a written document ordering the payment of a certain amount of money to a certain person at a certain time and place • Sale of one kind of money for another kind that would be paid in another currency at a specified future date • Italians did not invent bill of exchange but they took advantage of it • Bankers received a fee for changing the money • Bills of exchanged functioned well in christian countries but not in muslim • Helped overcome awkwardness of coins and dealing with them in big amounts • Coins were heavy and hard to transport and easily stolen, often counterfeited o Historical Significance • Bills of exchange could be sent four hundred miles in 8 days and if it was stolen the thief could not redeem it • Helped free money from spacial limitations • Could change currency easily • The supply of bills that could be written in that currency did not depend on the amount of gold and silver a state had, only depended on the merchants confidence in that currency, if lost confidence in a currency they wrote the bills of exchange in another currency • Paper money • New banking opened new commercial avenues for merchants, manufacturers and investors • The bills themselves became a type of money • Increased the amount of currency in circulation |
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| the voyages of Columbus, Who Where When What HS |
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| • Who: Columbus • Where: Spain and the Americas • When: Late 15th-early 16th century • What Happened: ○ Columbus Believed circumference of earth was less than it actually was, and that asia was bigger than it actually was so he convinced isabella of spain to finance his journey to "asia." Columbus was turned down by other monarchs because all the other monarchs believed that the distance between Europe and Asia was too great and too expensive and too risky. ○ 1492 set sail and reached the bahamas, cuba, and hispaniola however, he thought It was asia. (called them the indies) ○ He convinced isabella to let him go back three more times after his first time because he said he could convert the natives to catholicism. • HS: ○ Led to later explorers realizing that he discovered a totally new frontier ○ Let to european interaction with the new world and its people ○ Some people think he was the cause for the invasions and loss of life of the natives in the New World |
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| encomienda system, Encomienda System: Who Where When What HS |
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| • Who: Queen isabella, native americans • Where: inca empire, peru • When: mid 16th century • What Happened: ○ Isabella declared natives to be subjects of castile, so made the encomienda system because she didn’t want her subjects treated horribly ○ Was an economic and social system allowing the spanish to get tribute from natives and use them for labor ○ In return, in theory, the spaniards were supposed to protect the natives, pay wages, and supervise spiritual needs (i.e show them christianity) ○ However, spaniards in the new world ignored the system and exploited the natives for economic gain without giving them protection or any other agreed terms. • HS: ○ Because of labor, starvation, from the abuse of the encomienda, there were huge population losses of natives. ○ Gave spaniards much power over native americans |
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| triangular trade, Who Where When What HS |
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| • Who: European travelers and explorers • Where: new world, europe, africa • When: 16th-18th century • What Happened: ○ Slaves were traded from africa to new world to satisfy labor needs ○ European merchant ships carried European manufactured goods such as guns, gin, and cloth, to africa § In return, african slaves would be taken to america § This passage was called the middle passage ○ The slaves would then be traded for raw materials that would go back to Europe • HS: ○ Led to dramatic growth in number of slaves and growth in death of slaves ○ Characterized the new atlantic economy ○ Violence in africa increased |
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| mercantilism, Who Where When What HS |
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| • Who: mercantilists • Where: all of europe • When: 17th century • What Happened: ○ The name used to describe the dominant use of specific economic practices ○ important belief was that the total volume of trade was unchangeable ○ Mercantilists said that the prosperity of a nation depended and was evaluated upon the supply of bullion (gold and silver) ○ Wanted to export more than they import in order to gain bullion ○ Economic growth mostly depended on gov involvement • HS: ○ Colonies became very valuable because they were sources of raw materials ○ Led to more trade between europe and other nations which lead to more wealth and new goods becoming available to both the rich and the poor ○ From then on, economy became much more regulated by the government, including more taxes on imports and exports ○ Cost more money to buy stuff from outside your own country |
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| Versailles, Who Where When What HS |
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Definition
| • Who: Louis XIV, nobles • Where: Versailles, near Paris • When: late 17th to early 18th century • What Happened: ○ Was the court of louis XIV ○ Was a converted hunting lodge that took 72 years to build ○ Residence of the king, reception hall for state affairs ○ Place where powerful subjects found favors and offices for themsleves ○ Arena where aristocratic factions fought for power ○ Offive building for members of kings gov ○ Home to many state officials and aristocrats • HS: ○ Louis used versailles as a distraction for the nobles so that he could make policies and have all of the power of the french government ○ Set standards for later rulers ○ Symbol of the french absolutist states and showed french superiority ○ Impressed and created envy among foreigners |
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| who copernicus where europe when mid 16th century what happened created sun centered conception to simplify astronomy said universe had 8 spheres with motionless sun at the center instead of the earth being at the center in the geocentric conception heliocentric conception stated that the earth did rotate on an axis historical significance shift from earth centered to sun centered raised questions about past astronomers and their accuracy/wisdom, where god was, and created uncertainty about humans roles in the universe |
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| who philosophes, wealthy women, where europe when 17th-18th centuries what happened elegant rooms in wealthy homes where philosophes came to together and talked about politics, science, religion, philosphy, etc because women hosted salons, they were in the position to influence decisions of kings, changes political opinion, and influence literary and artistic tastes salons were places for people and views not welcome at the royal court reputation of the salon depended on the stature of the men that attended the salon some people thought that women were given too much influence in salons and as a result they declined during the french revolution historical significance promoted conversation between upperclass men and women and spread ideas of the enlightenment and scientific revolution |
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| who frederick II of prussia, philosophes where europe when 18th century what happened focus that the natural rights of man were not to be withheld from anyone natural rights included: equality before the law, religious toleration, freedom of speech and press, the right to assemble and the right to hold property philosophes thought that an absolutist ruler was necessary to provide direction for people to follow the natural rights of man frederick the II was one of the first rulers to uphold this historical significance: became a well accepted way to rule established a path to modern nationhood |
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| who merchant-capitalist entrepreneurs where country side throughout europe when 18th century what happened in traditional textile production, artists made finished goods at their job, now textile production shifted to the countryside textiles were now produced when a merchant capitalist entrepreneur bought raw materials and gave them to workers in the countryside who made the finished product capitalists entrepreneurs sold the finished goods and then made a profit for which they used to buy more materials all people in the rural families helped historical significance enabled rural peoples to earn incomes greater then before |
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| who nobility, peasants, clergy, everyone!!!! where france when up until end of 18th century clergy: exempt from taxes nobility: had head positions in government and military and controlled heavy industry in france. exempt from taxes. nobility was a closed group, you had to be born into it for the most part commoners: peasants: resented obligations to their landlords, had fees to use village facilites, paid taxes to clergy, artisans and wage earners: lived in cities/towns bourgeoisie: upper class of middle class, included bankers, merchants, lawyers, writers, doctors historical significance: discontent from social system (mainly third estate) lead to french revolution. |
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| who third state where france when late 18th century what happened: third estate wanted to be valued and wanted to change social structure while most delegates still wanted to make changes wihtin current social structure so, they decide to become a national assembly and draw up a conversation, the king was opposed the third estate and was prepared to use force against them commoner uprisings saved third estate national assembly took away aristocratic priviliges historical significance was the first step of the french revolution |
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| who national convention, committee of public safety, sans-cullotes where france when late 18th century what happened to meet the domestic crisis, committee of public safety established the reign of terror courts were organized to protect the republic form internal enemies who were people who supported the old social structure and regime victims included royalists and peasants and all people who opposed radical activities of the sans-cullotes military force brought french cities back under control of the national convention there were many deaths, very brutal, and used the guillotine this bloodshed was only supposed to be temporary until the internal crisis was averted historical significance caused many deaths and gave the national convention more power because they were feared, led to republic of virtue |
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| who national convention where france when late 18th to early 19th century what happened created to try to solidify new order years now numbered from the day the french republic was proclaimed calendar had 12 months, each having three ten day weeks ( tenth day was a rest day) they eliminated sunday worship and ended the christian calendar which emphasize the change in regime religoius celebrations were replaced with revolutionary festivals this calendar was very unpopular so napoleon got rid of it in 1806 historical signifiance emphasized dechristianization and marked revolution as a new historical begininning, dislike of calendar led to more enemies of the national convention |
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| who napoleon, his army, russians where russia when early 19th century what happened napoleon decided to invade russia with more than 600,000 men russian forces kept retreating and burning their villages on the way to stop napoleons armies from getting food and shelter journey was so brutal that a lot of french deserted napoleon when they got to moscow it was burned down with no supplies so they abandoned and began the great retreat across russia in brutal conditions, only 40,000 men survived historical signficance: military disaster led to war of liberation all over europe eventually leading to napoleons fall in 1814 |
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| “Oration on the Dignity of Man” (handout) |
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| • When: late 15th century • Author: pico della mirandola • Context: Humanism, renaissance, rebirth of culture. during the 15th century, hermeticism was evolving and introduced a new view of human kind. Hermetists believed that human beings were created as divine beings but had freely chosen to enter the material world. Humans could recover their divinity through regenerative experience or purification of the soul and obtained knowledge of god and truth. Pico took an avid interest in hermetic philosophy, accepting it as the science of the divine, which embraces the deepest contemplations of the most secret things, and at last, the knowledge of nature. • Summary: Humans are unique because they have the potential to move up and down in the chain of live. POTENTIAL OF HUMANS. Very optimistic towards humans and this view of humans was symbolic to the renaissance. |
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| The Prince (primary source) |
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| • When: 1513 • Context: Sforza was duke of Milan and invited French into Italy. The French kicked out the Medici. Then when the Medici came back he was exiled. Machievelli writes this when he is in exile. Other Italian states turned to Spanish for help because the French was ransacking Italy. Spanish decided to help them and fight the French. Italy was merely a pawn in a bigger war. Machiavelli is writing this to share his thoughts about what Italians and rulers should be doing. • Summary: • • Machiavelli wrote book about acquiring and expanding political power in order to achieve order during his time • • Also addressed issue of how he believed rulers should act versus how they act • • Assumes humans are naturally bad • • Morality should not be the basis for political activity • • The ends justify the means • • “Its much safer to be feared than loved” • • rulers should use power when ruling • o Historical Significance • • This book could have helped future leaders • • Summarizes human nature accurately |
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| Paternal Advice to a Cardinal |
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| Paternal Advice to a Cardinal: • Author: Lorenzo de medici • When: late 15th century • Context: Lorenzo de medici was the unofficial ruler of Florence when he wrote this letter to his son Giovanni (aka Pope Leo X) who was made a cardinal at age 14. He was a major patron of the arts like his father Lorenzo. This letter to his son gave him advice about how not to mess up. • Summary: Lorenzo is calling rome corrupt and is telling his son to not get corrupted because he wants him to succeed and improve family name. He tells him to be respectful towards others and act maturely. More advice: act maturely, get an early start on the day, put your wealth to knowledge, plan, and don’t flaunt your wealth. |
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| Luther and the Ninety-Five Theses |
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| Ninety-Five Theses • Author: Luther • When: early 16th century • Context: Leo X is a big supporter of indulgence and luther isn’t. Luther writes the 95 theses in these pamphlets against the Catholic Church. • Indulgences were pardons of a sin and lessened your time in purgatory. • • People bought indulgences • • Indulgence Controversy • • Luther's involvement in the indulgence controversy propelled him into open confrontation with church officials • • Did not like sale of indulgences by Leo X because he thought that people who relied on indulgences would end up being subject to eternal damnation. • • He made 95 theses and mailed them to Leo X as indictments of the abuses in the sale of indulgences • • Leo X did not take these seriously • • Thousands of copies of the 95 these were made • • Contributed to the reformation of the church because of the controversy it stirred up • • Led to bad views of the papacy Summary: • The theses say that the indulgences are worthless and that the pope doesn’t have the power to guide people to salvation, only god does. The pope shouldn’t rely on people paying for salvation to build st peter’s basilica. |
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| The Institutes: Ecclesiastical Ordinances, and the Obedience Owed Rulers |
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| • Author: John Calvin • When: 16th century • Context: Predestination ID. o • Who • • John calvin • When • • 1533 • Where • • geneva • What Happened • • Idea from calvin’s emphasis on absolute sovereignty of god. • • God predestined people to be chosen to be saved or damned before birth • • Elect=saved • • Reprobate=damned • • You could guess what u were by • • an open display of faith • • a decent and godly life • • and participation of sacraments of baptism and communion • • Rejected Catholicism • • Wealth did not lead to salvation. • o Historical Significance • • Psychologically convinced people to act better to convince themselves that they were part of the elect • • Predestination gave later Calvinists that they were doing gods work • Context: Calvin is sharing his beliefs of what religion should be like with everyone in order to gain followers. He talked about predestination. If you do something wrong you must be scolded and talked to by an elder/s called the consistory. Things that got you in trouble: not going to sermons, having rosaries or idols, going to other churches, going on a pilgrimage, fasting, singing indecent songs or dance, showing up late to church. |
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| Loyola and Obedience to ‘Our Holy Mother, the Hierarchical Church’ |
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| Loyola and Obedience to ‘Our Holy Mother, the Hierarchical Church’ • Author: Ignatious of Loyola • When mid 16th century. • Context: Loyola was the head of the Society of Jesus and he was telling people about why they should be catholic in the face of other religions. • Society of Jesus • Where: italy • what happened • started by spanish nobleman who vowed to be a solider of god when he was injured in battle • believed in principles of obediency to papacy, hierarchy for society and use of education • loyolla was very strict and commanded the society like the military • society established many schools because they believed that if they were smart they could defend themselves against the protestants • historical significance • helped to restore catholicism in the holy roman empire and in eastern europe • Summary: Loyola was convincing people about why they should be catholic. He set rules for thinking with the church. He said, “put aside your judgment and commit to the church.” You should praise confession, the lords supper, and higher reception at church. You should be devout. You should do more weekly communion. Pray to the saints. The church thinks for you and your views are the views of the church. |
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| Spanish Treatment of the American Natives |
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| ○ When: Early 16th Century ○ Author: Las Casas ○ Historical Context: las casas was part of the conquest of cuba but changed his views during the conquest and came to think that the indians were being cruelly treated. He became a dominican friar and spent his life fighting for the indians ○ Summary: Las Casas exaggerates the truth about the cruelty to the Natives in order to get his point across. The indians are slaves and treated horribly. I.e they dive for pearls and then sharks eat them. |
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| Buying and Transporting Africans |
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Definition
| ○ When: 17th century ○ Author: 2 17th century slave traders ○ Historical Context: Slavery was an important part of triangular trade. Slaves were often treated as objects rather than people. ○ Summary: The first trader talks about the slaves as if they were objects or products. He narrates the slave trade as a process rather than a human experience. The first trader considers the slaves "poor wretches" and exercised harsher treatment of the slaves than the second trader. The second trader talks about the slaves as is they were human. He acknowledges that they have emotions and describes these emotions and treats them life humans i.e when he invites them to dance. The second trader does not think that there is any value in one color or another. He justifies his less harsh treatment of the natives by saying if you treat them as humans they will be more likely to survive the journey. The second trader acknowledges that it is not the slaves' fault that they are slaves. The second trader only does this for money whereas the 1st trader does it for money and social justice. |
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| True Law of Free Monarchies and A Speech to Parliament |
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| ○ When: Late 16th century ○ Author: James I ○ Context: james was a ruler of scotland and king of england. He ruled through absolutist beliefs. Absolutism was becoming the popular way to rule. ○ Summary: James talks about the absolute power of the king. The king can controll the life and death over subjects. The kings power comes from god so kings are viewed as gods by god. Kings are above the law. God rules through the king. The king is not bond to the law but will abide by the law because of his good will. James was a divine-right monarchist and an absolutist. |
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| ○ When: 17th century ○ Author: thomas hobbes ○ Context: thomas hobbes was a political scientist. Influenced by the new scientific thought that saw mathematical knowledge as the avenues to truth. He studied human nature and aimed at constructing political philosophy on a scientific foundation and rejected the authority of tradition and religion as inconsistent with a science of politics. ○ Summary: hobbes says human nature is naturally bad and if they arent ruled they will be at war with each other. Humans must give consent to the absololute power of a king for this to work. However, god and divine power is not involved in this. Rejected the idea that the state should not be obeyed when it violated god's law. State takes priority over god. Leviathan is a rational and political statement. People are reluctant to change their ways because because passion, not reason, governs their behavior. |
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| ○ When: Late 17th century ○ Author: William, Mary, Parliament ○ Context: william and mary invaded england because seven noblemen invited them to invade england. Then, after a successful invasion, James II, a catholic, had to flee and parliament declared the throne vacant. They asked William and Mary to take throne under the condition that they sign the bill of rights. The bill of rights gave parliament more power and laid the foundations for a constitutional monarchy. ○ Summary: William of Orange saved England from Catholicism and arbitrary and absolutist power. The king cannot make laws or take laws away without the consent of parliament. King needs consent to levy taxes (because of issue with charles I). Parliament must meet occassionally. (because of incident under charles I in which parliament did not meet for 11 years. Enforced freedom of speech. |
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Term
| The Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals |
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Definition
| The Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals Author: William Harvey When: Early 17th century Context: Scientific revolution has begun. New scientific method created by bacon. Descarte, and newton, used experimentation and deductive reasoning, and inductive reasoning to discover new stuff. This was a huge step forward because in the past they based their science off of old philosophers work. Summary: Williams Harvey uses experimentation to discover the motions and uses of the heart/blood. First blood moves out of the heart and into the arteries. Then he uses deductive reasoning (general to specific) to discover more stuff about the heart. Later he gets very specific and does specific experiments (inductive reasoning) and makes observations to discover even more stuff about heart. Alternates between inductive and deductive. This displays use of new scientific method. |
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| A New Heaven? Faith Versus Reason |
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Definition
• Author: Galileo • When: early 17th century • Context:[image]
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Summary: Galileo is saying that church should not determine physical reality and contradict the evidence of our senses and discoveries because they have no authority there. Bible’s words are often very symbolical and abstract and ought to not be taken literally. Galileo isn’t contradicting the bible. Bible is always the right, just interpreted wrong. o Cardinal Robert bellarmine, said scientific revolution’s ideas are very dangerous because they irritate the philosophers and injure the catholic church and render the holy scriptures false. He is saying that in general the bible can be interpreted differently but since Galileo isn’t quoting particular parts of the bible, it is evident that Galileo is contradicting scripture and denying legitimacy of the bible. Council of Trent requires you to follow all philosophers and scripture that the holy fathers agree upon. They said that heliocentric conception is wrong. If it were true, then we wouldn’t be saying that the scriptures were false and instead we would say we didn’t understand the scriptures. |
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| Grievances of the Third Estate |
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Definition
| • Grievances of the Third Estate o Author: third estate o When: Late 18th century o Context: During the elections, for the estates-generals, the three estates drafted a list of grievances that deputies would take with them when the estates general convened. This was the beginning of the revolution.who nobility, peasants, clergy, everyone!!!! where france when up until end of 18th century clergy: exempt from taxes nobility: had head positions in government and military and controlled heavy industry in france. exempt from taxes. nobility was a closed group, you had to be born into it for the most part commoners: peasants: resented obligations to their landlords, had fees to use village facilites, paid taxes to clergy, artisans and wage earners: lived in cities/towns bourgeoisie: upper class of middle class, included bankers, merchants, lawyers, writers, doctors historical significance: discontent from social system (mainly third estate) lead to french revolution. o Summary: These grievances were about having equality among the social taxes. i.e. equal taxes, personal tax abolished, equal opportunity for positions in high offices. |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens |
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Definition
| • Author: National Assembly • When: Late 18th century • Context: Third estate was not allowed to be in estates general so they formed the national assembly and formed this declaration of the rights of man and citizens as a constitution to combat class inequality and start a revolution in france. • Summary: People are the source of political power and men are born free. This expressed ideals of the enlightenment. Based off of us constitution and british bill of rights. |
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Definition
| Republic of Virtue • When: 1794 • Author: Maximillian Robespierre • Context: Robespierre was the leader of committee of public safety under the national convention. He was ruthless and known for his brutality. • who • national convention, committee of public safety, sans-cullotes • where • france • when • late 18th century • what happened • to meet the domestic crisis, committee of public safety established the reign of terror • courts were organized to protect the republic form internal enemies who were people who supported the old social structure and regime • victims included royalists and peasants and all people who opposed radical activities of the sans-cullotes • military force brought french cities back under control of the national convention • there were many deaths, very brutal, and used the guillotine • this bloodshed was only supposed to be temporary until the internal crisis was averted • historical significance • caused many deaths and gave the national convention more power because they were feared, led to republic of virtue Summary: Says it is necessary to deal with internal enemies. Virtue without terror is destructive and terror without virtue is impotent. To get to virtue, you need terror. Need to annihilate enemies.He said that happiness can only be achieved through bloodshed. It is necessary to eliminate both the internal and exterior enemies. |
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| Leader, General, Tyrant, Reformer |
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Definition
| Author: napoleon When: late 18th, early 19th Context: in 1799, a group of conspirators that included Napoleon Bonaparte, an ambitious and popular general, staged a successful coup d’état. Within a short time, napoleon became a one-man ruler and in 1804, he crowned himself emperor of the French. Political freedom was suppressed under his leadership. Nevertheless, napoleon preserved strengthened and spread to other lands many of the revolutions reforms. He supported religious tolerance, secular education, and access to positions according to ability; he would not restore the privileges of the aristocracy and church. Summary: Leader and general: Napoleon talking to troops, inspiring patriotism in them because he recognized the importance of good morale. He sought to appeal to their honor, vanity, and love of France. Through rapid marches he surprised and demoralized opponents. Praising the soldiers to increase morale. Tyrant: although he was loved by his troops, he was crazy absolutist. he was a divine right absolutist. Resisting napoleon was resisting god. His troops loved him because he was the one god chose to rise up under difficult circumstances and be the protector of Catholicism. He wanted to regulate public opinion and censor it. Nothing should be printed that is against napoleon. He says revolution is over. Reformer: Letter to his brother who he had made the king of Westphalia. In the letter he describes reforms that he wants his brother to make, he says he is concerned for the happiness of his brother;s subjects. Napoleon established the legal code ‘code napoleon’ , public trial, juries, and said that these things should be the leading features of his brothers government because he wants his brother’s subjects and his subject to have a degree of liberty equality and prosperity. Napoleon wants his regim to produce beneficial changes to system of government of France and to the strength of the monarchy. Backing of public opinion gives natural advantage over absolutist kings who are your neighbors. |
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