Term
|
Definition
| A scientific study that focuses on a single participant, examining his or her psychological characteristics in detail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an interview after a study to ensure that the participant has no negative reactions as a result of participation and to explain why the study was conducted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group that is treated exactly the same way as the experimental group, expect that the independent variable that is the focus of the study in not manipulated. the control group holds constant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tentative idea that might explain a set of observations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a statistical technique that allows researchers to combine results from different studies on the same topic in order to discover whether there is a relationship among variables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a definition of a concept that specifies how it is measured or manipulated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consistency; data are reliable if the same values are obtained when the measurements are repeated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a research method is valid if it does in fact measure what it is supposed to measure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hormone produced by the outer layer of the adrenal glands that helps the body cope with the extra energy demands of stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stretch in the DNA molecule that produces a specific protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the genetic code within an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which the variability of a characteristic or ability in a population is due to genetics/ given a specific environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the observable structure and behavior of an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from the same egg and having virtually identical eggs |
|
|
Term
| selective serotonin-re uptake inhibitor (SSRI) |
|
Definition
| a type of antidepressant medication that blocks re uptake of serotonin only at selective serotonic receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the automatic adjustment of the eye for seeing at particular distances, which occurs when muscles adjust the shape of the lens so that it focuses incoming light toward the back of the eye (the retina) |
|
|
Term
| cocktail party - phenomenon |
|
Definition
| the effect of not being aware of other peoples conversations until your name is mentioned and then suddenly hearing it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the receptor cells with stiff hairs along the basilar membrane of the inner ear; when hairs are moved they produce neural signals that are sent to the brain and underlie auditory sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the result of neural processes that organize (by specifying a particular shape) an interpret (by identifying the object) information conveyed by sensory signals. EX. someone coming up and pinching your skin, the perception is you realizing the pain it is causing to you. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the result of neural responses that occur after physical energy stimulates a receptor cell (such as those at the back of the eye in the ear on the skin) but before the stimulus is organized and interpreted by the brain
EX: Someone coming up and pinching you the pinch of the skin is the sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amnesia that disrupts previous memories. EXAMPLE (the patient cannot recall ANY information which is stored in the memory before the illness or brain injury began.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the perception that the actual shape of an object remains the same, even when it is seen from different points of view and so the image on the retina changes shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the point at which stimuli activate receptor cells strongly enough to be sensed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rule that the same percentage of a magnitude must be present in order to detect a difference between two stimuli or a change in a single stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Actions that subsequently lead to a (satisfying state of affairs) are more likely to be repeated |
|
|
Term
| food aversion (taste aversion) |
|
Definition
| a classically conditioned avoidance of a certain food or taste |
|
|
Term
| extinction (in classical conditioning) |
|
Definition
| the process by which a CR comes to be eliminated through repeated presentations of the CS without the presence of the US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in classical conditioning the initial learning of the conditioned response (CR) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of converting information stored dynamically in LTM into a structural change in the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of organizing and transforming incoming information so that it can be entered into memory either to be stored or compared with previously stored info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amnesia that leaves consolidated memories intact but prevents the storing of new facts (a motorcyclist that is able to remember everything up until his head injury from his accident. Then he cannot make new memories or even remember getting on his bike to go for a ride.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strategies that improve memory, typically by effectively organizing and integrating to-be- learned information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memories of the meaning of words, concepts, and general facts about the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that underlies the meaning of a word or image. depending on the language some concepts can be expressed with a single word or may require a phrase or two to be fully expressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the type of mental retardation that results from the creation of an extra chromosome during conception; it is a gentic problem but not inherited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| according to cattell and horn, the kind of intelligence that underlies the creation of novel solutions to problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of setting the mean and the standard deviation of a set of test scores,based on results from a standarized sample. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the structure of the sounds of the words in a language |
|
|
Term
| 2 examples of Organization |
|
Definition
| Mnemonic devices- Acronyms-pronounceable words made from the first letters of important words in a phrase to help you remember an order,sequence, or rule. George Elliot's oldest girl rode a pig home yesterday GEOGRAPHY. |
|
|
Term
| 2 examples of organization |
|
Definition
| Distribute practice- you have 5 days to study for a test you only study for 60 minutes a night. by spreading your days out and studying for short sessions you are able to obtain and retain more information. |
|
|
Term
| 4 components of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) |
|
Definition
Verbal Comprehension- assesses the test takers understanding of verbal info
Perceptual Reasoning-assess the test takers ability to hold and manipulate info in working memory
Working Memory-assess the test takers ability to hold and manipulate info in working memory
Processing Speed- assess the test takers ability to focus his or her attention and use info quickly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a memory store that holds a huge amount of info for a long time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also called immediate memory- a memory store that holds little info for only a few seconds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of organizing and transforming incoming info so that it can be entered into the memory, either to be stored or to be compared with previously stored into. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of retaining info in memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of accessing info stored in a memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an unusually vivid and detailed memory of a dramatic event. Example: when the terrorist attack of 9/11 happened I can remember where I was at the time, what I was doing, and what I was wearing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non associative learning- occurs when repeated exposure to a stimulus decreases responsiveness to that stimulus. EX: when people work in warehouses they are used to the loud noises from hearing boxes and crates all day long. so when they hear something loud drop and hit the ground they no long respond by looking. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| being able to speak a second or muiliple languages other then your native language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to use words,phrases, and sentences to convey information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to understand messages conveyed by words, phrases, and sentences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rule of thumb strategy that does not guarantee the correct solution to a problem but offers a likely shortcut to it. ex math. divide a big problem into small poblems and solve each of them one at a time until you reach a solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of heuristic that relies on finding points of correspondence with previously solved problems and their solutions. EX. He was as tall as a six-foot, three-inch tree |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Series of steps that is guaranteed to produce a solution. EX. using the rule and steps to finding the mean of a set of data |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes paired with a stimulus that caused a reflexive behavior, and in time this neutral stimulus is sufficient to elicit - draw out from the animal - that behavior |
|
|
Term
| unconditioned stimulus US |
|
Definition
| a stimulus that elicits an automatic response without requiring prior learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An orignally neutral stimulus that comes to produce a response evoked bt a US after it has been paired enough times with that US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a response that depends (is conditinal) on pairing the conditioned stimulus with an unconditional stimulus ; once learned,the response to the US now occurs when the conditioned stimuls is presented alone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which a stimulus and response become associated with the consequences of making the response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an object or event that when it follows a response, increases the likelihood that the animial will make that response again when the stimulus is prevented. EX. a stickerchart of chores. when the child completes a chore he is awared with a sticker to place on the chart. the reinforcer is the sticker. |
|
|
Term
| SIMILARITY OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING & operant conditioning |
|
Definition
| Moderating factors can affect learning |
|
|
Term
| DIFFERENCE OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING & operant conditioning |
|
Definition
| in classical conditioning the animal is passive in operant conditioning the animal is active, "operaing" on the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the opening in the eye through which light passes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the circular muscle that adjusts the size of the pupil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The transparent covering over the eye which focuses light onto the back of the eye. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sheet of tissue at the back of the eye containing cells that convert light to neural signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rod shaped retinal receptor cells that are very sensive to light but register only shades of gray |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cone shaped retinal receptor cells that respond most strongly to one of three wavelenghts of light. the combined signals from ones that are most sensitive to different wavelenghts play a key role in producing color vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large bundle of axons carrying neural signals from the retina into the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| EX. driving up to an interceptiong and you see a red shape on a stick, you realize it is a stop sign so you stop your car. |
|
|
Term
| How does the ear play a part in perception and sensation? |
|
Definition
| you are able to hear soundwaves and idenify them. you hear a fire alarm go off your ear hairs are stimulated by the soundwaves. your brain realizes you are hearing a loud noise and identifies what that loud noise is. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motivation, reward, movement, thought learning. disorder symptom- parkisons disease, ADHD, Aggression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| OCD, INSOMNIA. LACK OF MOTIVATION, SLEEPINESS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spinal cored and the brain |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| part of the automonic nervous system that is "next to" the sympathetic nervous system and tents to counteract with its effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located behind the forehead. involved in planning, memory search, motor control, speech control, reasoning and emotions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that causes males to develop facial hair and other external sexual charactisitcs and to build up muscle volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that causes girls to develop breats and is involved in the menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| part of the autonomic nervous system that readies an animal to cope with an emergency such as a near accident or when you are driving in heavy traffic |
|
|
Term
| Sensory-Somatic nervous system |
|
Definition
| parts of the peripheral nervous system that consits of neurons in the sensory organs (like eyes and ears) that covey info to the brain as well as the neurons that actually trigger muscles and glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell receives signals from sense organs or other neurons processes these signals and sends the signals to muscles, organs or other neurons the bais unit of the nercous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neuron that resonds to signals from sensory organs and transmits those signals to the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neuron that sends signals to muscles in order to control movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neuron that is connected to other neuron, not to sense organs or muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| magnetic resonance imaging= a technique that uses magnetic properties of atoms to take sharp images of three dimensional structure of the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the science of mind and behavior, derived from physiology and philosophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the school of psychology that sought to identify the basic elements of consciousness and to describe the rules and circumstances under which these elements combine to form mental structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the school of psychology that sought to understand how the mind helps individuals to adapt to the world around them and to function effectively in it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the approach in psychology that attempts to characterize the mental events that allow information to be stored and operated on internally. |
|
|
Term
| Educational or school psychologist |
|
Definition
| applies psychology to improve cognitive, emotional, and social development of school children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| applies psychology to improve athletic performance. |
|
|
