Term
What limits the size of a cell? |
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Definition
The ratio between the outer surface area and volume. |
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Term
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Definition
A process where cells make a limited amount of ATP by converting glucose into other organic compounds in the basence of oxygen. |
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Term
What are the 9 levels of organization and examples of each? |
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Definition
1. Atom - Ion 2. Molecule - Water Molecule 3. Macromolecule - DNA 4. Organelle - Endoplasmic Reticulum 5. Cell - Nerve Cell 6. Tissue - Bascular Tissue 7. Organ - Stomach 8. Organ System - Digestive System 9. Organism - Human |
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Term
What are the two types of fermentation and the by-products of each? |
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Definition
1. Lactic Acid Fermentation - Lactic Acid 2. Alcoholic Fermentation - Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
A biochemical pathway that breaks down Acetyl CoA, producing Carbon Dioxide, hydrogen atoms, and ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
A German physician that reasoned cells come from other cells. |
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Term
Who was Matthias Schleiden? |
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Definition
A German botanist that said all plants are made up of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
An Enlgish scientist that observed cork through a microscope. Observed dead cells. |
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Term
Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek? |
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Definition
A Dutch microscope maker that was the first to observe living cells. |
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Term
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Definition
A German zoologist that observed all animals are composed of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
An American scientist who worked out the details of dark reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Data that doesn't use numbers and has to do with the quality. |
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Term
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Definition
The power to show details clearly. |
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Term
What is the power of magnification? |
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Definition
The factor of enlargment in microscopes. |
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Term
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Definition
The simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of the atom. |
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Term
What are the three subatomic particles? |
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Definition
1. Electrons 2. Protons 3. Neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
Negatively charged atoms. |
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Term
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Definition
A positively charged ion. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Where in a cell are protons and neutrons located? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A mixture in which one or more substances are uniformally distributed in another substance. |
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Term
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Definition
The substance dissolved in a solution. |
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Term
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Definition
The substance that dissolves something. |
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Term
What is the universal solvent? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The scale for comparing the relative concentration of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions. |
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Term
What is activation energy? |
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Definition
The energy required for a chemical reaction to start and continue on it's own. |
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Term
What is the function of a mitochondrion? |
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Definition
It transfers energy from organic compoubds to ATP. |
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Term
What is the function of cytoplasm? |
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Definition
It contains various organelles of a cell. |
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Term
What is the funciton of a ribosome? |
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Definition
It aids in protein synthesis. |
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Term
What is the funciton of the endoplasmic reticulum? |
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Definition
It is the path which molecules move around the cell on. |
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Term
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum. |
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Definition
1. Rough E.R. 2. Smooth E.R. |
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Term
What is the funciton of the Golgi Apparatus? |
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Definition
It processes and packages. |
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Term
What is the function of lysosomes? |
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Definition
It digests proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, DNA, and RNA. |
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Term
What is the funciton of the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
It helps maintain the shape and size of a cell. |
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Term
What are the two main components of the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
Microfilaments and microtubules. |
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Term
What is the function of the cilia and flagellum? |
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Definition
They assist in the movement of the cell. |
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Term
What is the function of the nuclear matrix? |
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Definition
It helps the nucleus maintain its shape? |
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Term
What is the nuclear envelope? |
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Definition
The double membrane that surrounds the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
A combination of DNA and protein in the nucleus. |
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Term
What are the chromosomes? |
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Definition
Densly packed coils of chromatin. |
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Term
What are the nuclear pores? |
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Definition
Small holes in the nuclear envelope. |
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Term
What is the function of the nucleolus? |
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Definition
It's where ribosomes are synthesized, |
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Term
What is active transport? |
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Definition
It's when cells move up their concentration gradients from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
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Term
What is passive transport? |
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Definition
When cells move down their concentration gradientfrom an area of lower concentraiton to an area of higher concentration. |
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Term
What is a carrier protein? |
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Definition
A protein that transports specific substances across a biological membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
The process by which a cell surrounds and engulfs substances. |
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Term
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Definition
The process in which a vesicle inside a cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases it's contents to the external environment. |
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Term
What is the contractile vacuole? |
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Definition
The organelle in protists that expels water. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A molecule present in all living cells and acts as an energy source for all metabolic processes. |
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Term
What is a light reaction? |
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Definition
1. The inital reaction in photosynthesis. 2. The absorption of light by photosystem I and II. 3. The passage of electrons across the electron transport chain. 4. The production of oxygen and NADPH. 5. The synthesis of ATP through chemiosmosis. |
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Term
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Definition
A biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which Cabron Dioxide in converted into a carbohydrate. It is also called the Calvin Cycle. |
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Term
What is a colonial organism? |
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Definition
A collection of geneticallt identical cells that live together in a closely connected group. |
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Term
What is aerobic respiration? |
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Definition
The process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compoundss, which use oxygen as the final electron acceptor. |
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Term
What are the four steps of aerobic respiration? |
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Definition
1. Glycolysis. 2. Pyruvic Acid --> Acetyl CoA 3. Krebs Cycle 4. ETC |
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Term
How many molecules does each step of aerobic respiration produce? |
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Definition
1. Glycolysis - 2 2. Pyruvic Acid --> Acetyl CoA - 0 3. Krebs Cycle - 2 4. ETC - 34
Total - 38 ATP |
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Term
What is the longest step in the scientific method? |
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Definition
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Term
What does the sodium potassium pump do? |
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Definition
It transports sodium and potassium up their concentration gradients. |
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Term
What is the dissociation of water? |
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Definition
When water is broken down into two ions of oppostie charge. |
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Term
What is the hydronium ion? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the hydroxide ion? |
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Definition
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Term
What are four properties of an acid? |
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Definition
1. There are more hydronium ions than hydroxide ions. 2. It tastes sour 3. It turns litmus paper red. 4. Has a pH From 0-6 |
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Term
What are four properties of a base? |
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Definition
1. There are more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions. 2. They taste bitter. 3. They turn litmus paper blue. 4. They have a pH between 8 and 14 |
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Term
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Definition
The stable internal conditions of a living thing. |
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Term
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Definition
The sum of all the chemical processes that occur in an organism. |
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Term
What are the three parts of the cell theory? |
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Definition
1. All living things are made of cells. 2. Cells are the main building block of life. 3. All cells come from other cells. |
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Term
What scientists contributed to the cell theory? |
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Definition
1. Theodor Schwann 2. Matthias Schleiden 3. Rudolf Virchow |
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Term
What are the base units in SI for:
1. Length 2. Mass 3. Time 4. Electric Current 5. Thermodynamic Temperature 6. Amount of a Substance 7. Luminous Intensity |
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Definition
1. Length - Meter 2. Mass - Kilogram 3. Time - Seconds 4. Electric Current - Ampere 5. Thermodynamic Temperature - Kelvin 6. Amount of a Substance - Mole 7. Luminous Intensity - Candela |
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Term
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Definition
Units produced by mathematical relationship between two base units or two derived units. |
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Term
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Definition
Scanning Electron Microscope |
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Term
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Definition
Transmission Electron Microscope |
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Term
Differentiate between SEM and TEM. |
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Definition
1. With a TEM, specimens are sliced and a beam of electrons is transmitted through it; With an SEM, the specimen is not sliced and it is covered witha metal coating and produces 3D images. 2. TEM can view up to about 500,000 X ; SEM can get up to 200,00 X. 3. Neither can view living specimens. |
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Term
What is an exergonic reaction? |
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Definition
A reaction that involves a net release of free energy. |
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Term
What is an endergonic reaction? |
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Definition
A chemical reaction that involved a net absorption of free energy. |
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Term
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Definition
A bond that forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
A bond formed by electrical attraction between two oppositely chraged ions. |
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Term
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Definition
A chemical substance used to neutralize small amounts of acids and bases. |
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Term
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Definition
A catalyst, usually a protein, in living things. |
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Term
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Definition
A chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction, but it is not a reactant. |
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Term
What does selectively permeable mean? |
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Definition
Certain things can pass through and leave. |
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Term
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Definition
An organism that makes its own food. |
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Term
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Definition
An organism that relies on other organisms or their by-products for food. |
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Term
What are the three additional organelles in plants cell (not found in animal cells) and what are their functions? |
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Definition
1. Cell Wall - It supports and protects the cell. 2. Vacuole - It stores enzymes and metabolic wastes. 3. Plastid - It stores starches fats; and contains pigments. |
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Term
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Definition
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
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Term
What are the three types of osmosis; what is the net movement of water in each? |
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Definition
1. Hypotonic - Water moves in the cell. 2. Hypertonic - Water moves out of the cell. 3. Isotonic - There is no movement of water. |
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Term
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Definition
The movement of molecules from and area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
When water leaves a cell and the cell shrinks away from the cell wall. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The pressure water molecules exert against a cell wall. |
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Term
What are the two types of endocytosis? |
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Definition
1. Pinocytosis 2. Phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
The movement of lrage molecules, or solids. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Name four accessory pigments and the colors they give off. |
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Definition
1. Chlorophyll B - Green 2. Carotenoids - Orange 3. Xanthophyll - Yellow 4. Phycobilin - Red *** |
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Term
What is the main pigment, and what color does it give off? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A group of chemical compounds whose electronsg et excited when solar radiations hit them. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What does an accessory pigment do? |
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Definition
It assists chlorophyll ain capturing light energy. |
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Term
What are the colors in the visible light spectrum in order? |
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Definition
Ultraviolet Violet Indigo Blue Green Yellow Orange Red Infrared |
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Term
What is the visible light spectrum? |
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Definition
The portion od sunlight perceived by the human eye. |
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Term
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Definition
A form of an element that has the same chemical formula, with a different amount of electrons. |
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Term
What is a functional group? |
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Definition
A structural building block that determines the characteristics of a chemical compund. |
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Term
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Definition
A compound consisting of a repeated link of monomers. |
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Term
What are the four types of energy? |
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Definition
1. Thermal 2. Chemical 3. Kinetic 4. Electrical |
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Term
What are two examples of an endergonic reaction? |
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Definition
1. Glowstick 2. Photosynthesis. |
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Term
What are two examples of an exergonic reaction? |
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Definition
1. Lighting a match 2. Cellular Respiration |
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Term
What is an excellent buffer? |
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Definition
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Term
Name two colonial organisms. |
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Definition
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Term
What are the three groups of organic compounds? |
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Definition
1. Proteins 2. Carbohydrates 3. Lipids |
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Term
Who started the theory of endosymbiosis? |
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Definition
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Term
What builds and breaks apart polymers? |
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Definition
Builds - Dehydration Breaks Apart - Hydrolysis |
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