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Midterm Cards
Flashcars for Bio midterm.
111
Biology
9th Grade
01/16/2007

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Term
What limits the size of a cell?
Definition
The ratio between the outer surface area and volume.
Term
What is fermentation?
Definition
A process where cells make a limited amount of ATP by converting glucose into other organic compounds in the basence of oxygen.
Term
What are the 9 levels of organization and examples of each?
Definition
1. Atom - Ion
2. Molecule - Water Molecule
3. Macromolecule - DNA
4. Organelle - Endoplasmic Reticulum
5. Cell - Nerve Cell
6. Tissue - Bascular Tissue
7. Organ - Stomach
8. Organ System - Digestive System
9. Organism - Human
Term
What are the two types of fermentation and the by-products of each?
Definition
1. Lactic Acid Fermentation - Lactic Acid
2. Alcoholic Fermentation - Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide
Term
What is the Krebs Cycle?
Definition
A biochemical pathway that breaks down Acetyl CoA, producing Carbon Dioxide, hydrogen atoms, and ATP.
Term
Who was Rudolf Virchow?
Definition
A German physician that reasoned cells come from other cells.
Term
Who was Matthias Schleiden?
Definition
A German botanist that said all plants are made up of cells.
Term
Who was Robert Hooke?
Definition
An Enlgish scientist that observed cork through a microscope. Observed dead cells.
Term
Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek?
Definition
A Dutch microscope maker that was the first to observe living cells.
Term
Who was Theodor Schwann?
Definition
A German zoologist that observed all animals are composed of cells.
Term
Who was Melvin Calvin?
Definition
An American scientist who worked out the details of dark reactions.
Term
What is quantative data?
Definition
Data that uses numbers.
Term
What is qualative data?
Definition
Data that doesn't use numbers and has to do with the quality.
Term
What is resolution?
Definition
The power to show details clearly.
Term
What is the power of magnification?
Definition
The factor of enlargment in microscopes.
Term
What is an atom?
Definition
The simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of the atom.
Term
What are the three subatomic particles?
Definition
1. Electrons
2. Protons
3. Neutrons
Term
What is an electron?
Definition
Negatively charged atoms.
Term
What is a proton?
Definition
A positively charged ion.
Term
What is a neutron.
Definition
An atom with no charge.
Term
Where in a cell are protons and neutrons located?
Definition
The nucleus.
Term
What is a solution?
Definition
A mixture in which one or more substances are uniformally distributed in another substance.
Term
What is a solute?
Definition
The substance dissolved in a solution.
Term
What is a solvent?
Definition
The substance that dissolves something.
Term
What is the universal solvent?
Definition
Water.
Term
What is the pH scale?
Definition
The scale for comparing the relative concentration of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions.
Term
What is activation energy?
Definition
The energy required for a chemical reaction to start and continue on it's own.
Term
What is the function of a mitochondrion?
Definition
It transfers energy from organic compoubds to ATP.
Term
What is the function of cytoplasm?
Definition
It contains various organelles of a cell.
Term
What is the funciton of a ribosome?
Definition
It aids in protein synthesis.
Term
What is the funciton of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Definition
It is the path which molecules move around the cell on.
Term
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum.
Definition
1. Rough E.R.
2. Smooth E.R.
Term
What is the funciton of the Golgi Apparatus?
Definition
It processes and packages.
Term
What is the function of lysosomes?
Definition
It digests proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, DNA, and RNA.
Term
What is the funciton of the cytoskeleton?
Definition
It helps maintain the shape and size of a cell.
Term
What are the two main components of the cytoskeleton?
Definition
Microfilaments and microtubules.
Term
What is the function of the cilia and flagellum?
Definition
They assist in the movement of the cell.
Term
What is the function of the nuclear matrix?
Definition
It helps the nucleus maintain its shape?
Term
What is the nuclear envelope?
Definition
The double membrane that surrounds the cell.
Term
What is the chromatin?
Definition
A combination of DNA and protein in the nucleus.
Term
What are the chromosomes?
Definition
Densly packed coils of chromatin.
Term
What are the nuclear pores?
Definition
Small holes in the nuclear envelope.
Term
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Definition
It's where ribosomes are synthesized,
Term
What is active transport?
Definition
It's when cells move up their concentration gradients from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Term
What is passive transport?
Definition
When cells move down their concentration gradientfrom an area of lower concentraiton to an area of higher concentration.
Term
What is a carrier protein?
Definition
A protein that transports specific substances across a biological membrane.
Term
What is endocytosis?
Definition
The process by which a cell surrounds and engulfs substances.
Term
What is exocytosis?
Definition
The process in which a vesicle inside a cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases it's contents to the external environment.
Term
What is the contractile vacuole?
Definition
The organelle in protists that expels water.
Term
What does ATP stand for?
Definition
Adenosine
Tri
Phosphate
Term
What is ATP?
Definition
A molecule present in all living cells and acts as an energy source for all metabolic processes.
Term
What is a light reaction?
Definition
1. The inital reaction in photosynthesis.
2. The absorption of light by photosystem I and II.
3. The passage of electrons across the electron transport chain.
4. The production of oxygen and NADPH.
5. The synthesis of ATP through chemiosmosis.
Term
What is a dark reaction?
Definition
A biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which Cabron Dioxide in converted into a carbohydrate. It is also called the Calvin Cycle.
Term
What is a colonial organism?
Definition
A collection of geneticallt identical cells that live together in a closely connected group.
Term
What is aerobic respiration?
Definition
The process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compoundss, which use oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
Term
What are the four steps of aerobic respiration?
Definition
1. Glycolysis.
2. Pyruvic Acid --> Acetyl CoA
3. Krebs Cycle
4. ETC
Term
How many molecules does each step of aerobic respiration produce?
Definition
1. Glycolysis - 2
2. Pyruvic Acid --> Acetyl CoA - 0
3. Krebs Cycle - 2
4. ETC - 34

Total - 38 ATP
Term
What is the longest step in the scientific method?
Definition
Collecting data.
Term
What does the sodium potassium pump do?
Definition
It transports sodium and potassium up their concentration gradients.
Term
What is the dissociation of water?
Definition
When water is broken down into two ions of oppostie charge.
Term
What is the hydronium ion?
Definition
The H+ ion.
Term
What is the hydroxide ion?
Definition
The OH- ion.
Term
What are four properties of an acid?
Definition
1. There are more hydronium ions than hydroxide ions.
2. It tastes sour
3. It turns litmus paper red.
4. Has a pH From 0-6
Term
What are four properties of a base?
Definition
1. There are more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions.
2. They taste bitter.
3. They turn litmus paper blue.
4. They have a pH between 8 and 14
Term
What is homeostasis?
Definition
The stable internal conditions of a living thing.
Term
What is metabolism?
Definition
The sum of all the chemical processes that occur in an organism.
Term
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
Definition
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the main building block of life.
3. All cells come from other cells.
Term
What scientists contributed to the cell theory?
Definition
1. Theodor Schwann
2. Matthias Schleiden
3. Rudolf Virchow
Term
What are the base units in SI for:

1. Length
2. Mass
3. Time
4. Electric Current
5. Thermodynamic Temperature
6. Amount of a Substance
7. Luminous Intensity
Definition
1. Length - Meter
2. Mass - Kilogram
3. Time - Seconds
4. Electric Current - Ampere
5. Thermodynamic Temperature - Kelvin
6. Amount of a Substance - Mole
7. Luminous Intensity - Candela
Term
What are derived units?
Definition
Units produced by mathematical relationship between two base units or two derived units.
Term
What does SEM stand for?
Definition
Scanning Electron Microscope
Term
What does TEM stand for?
Definition
Transmission Electron Microscope
Term
Differentiate between SEM and TEM.
Definition
1. With a TEM, specimens are sliced and a beam of electrons is transmitted through it; With an SEM, the specimen is not sliced and it is covered witha metal coating and produces 3D images.
2. TEM can view up to about 500,000 X ; SEM can get up to 200,00 X.
3. Neither can view living specimens.
Term
What is an exergonic reaction?
Definition
A reaction that involves a net release of free energy.
Term
What is an endergonic reaction?
Definition
A chemical reaction that involved a net absorption of free energy.
Term
What is a covalent bond?
Definition
A bond that forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
Term
What is an ionic bond?
Definition
A bond formed by electrical attraction between two oppositely chraged ions.
Term
What is a buffer?
Definition
A chemical substance used to neutralize small amounts of acids and bases.
Term
What is an enzyme?
Definition
A catalyst, usually a protein, in living things.
Term
What is a catalyst?
Definition
A chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction, but it is not a reactant.
Term
What does selectively permeable mean?
Definition
Certain things can pass through and leave.
Term
What is an autotroph?
Definition
An organism that makes its own food.
Term
What is a heterotroph?
Definition
An organism that relies on other organisms or their by-products for food.
Term
What are the three additional organelles in plants cell (not found in animal cells) and what are their functions?
Definition
1. Cell Wall - It supports and protects the cell.
2. Vacuole - It stores enzymes and metabolic wastes.
3. Plastid - It stores starches fats; and contains pigments.
Term
What is osmosis?
Definition
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Term
What are the three types of osmosis; what is the net movement of water in each?
Definition
1. Hypotonic - Water moves in the cell.
2. Hypertonic - Water moves out of the cell.
3. Isotonic - There is no movement of water.
Term
What is diffusion?
Definition
The movement of molecules from and area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Term
What is plasmolysis?
Definition
When water leaves a cell and the cell shrinks away from the cell wall.
Term
What is cytolsis?
Definition
The bursting of a cell.
Term
What is turgor pressure?
Definition
The pressure water molecules exert against a cell wall.
Term
What are the two types of endocytosis?
Definition
1. Pinocytosis
2. Phagocytosis
Term
What is phagocytosis?
Definition
The movement of lrage molecules, or solids.
Term
What is pinocytosis?
Definition
The transport of fluids.
Term
Name four accessory pigments and the colors they give off.
Definition
1. Chlorophyll B - Green
2. Carotenoids - Orange
3. Xanthophyll - Yellow
4. Phycobilin - Red ***
Term
What is the main pigment, and what color does it give off?
Definition
Chlorophyll a - Green
Term
What is a pigment?
Definition
A group of chemical compounds whose electronsg et excited when solar radiations hit them.
Term
What is a photosystem?
Definition
A cluster of pigments.
Term
What does an accessory pigment do?
Definition
It assists chlorophyll ain capturing light energy.
Term
What are the colors in the visible light spectrum in order?
Definition
Ultraviolet
Violet
Indigo
Blue
Green
Yellow
Orange
Red
Infrared
Term
What is the visible light spectrum?
Definition
The portion od sunlight perceived by the human eye.
Term
What is an isotope?
Definition
A form of an element that has the same chemical formula, with a different amount of electrons.
Term
What is a functional group?
Definition
A structural building block that determines the characteristics of a chemical compund.
Term
What is a polymer?
Definition
A compound consisting of a repeated link of monomers.
Term
What are the four types of energy?
Definition
1. Thermal
2. Chemical
3. Kinetic
4. Electrical
Term
What are two examples of an endergonic reaction?
Definition
1. Glowstick
2. Photosynthesis.
Term
What are two examples of an exergonic reaction?
Definition
1. Lighting a match
2. Cellular Respiration
Term
What is an excellent buffer?
Definition
Egg whites
Term
Name two colonial organisms.
Definition
1. Volvux
2. Obelia
Term
What are the three groups of organic compounds?
Definition
1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Lipids
Term
Who started the theory of endosymbiosis?
Definition
L:inn Marglouis
Term
What builds and breaks apart polymers?
Definition
Builds - Dehydration
Breaks Apart - Hydrolysis
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