Far away

Sharp arrivals

High frequencies

Less than 3km deep

Medium-low frequencies

Less sharp arrivals (emergent)

Rockfalls

Steams

Gas erruptions

Snow avalanches

Long lasting

Very rythmic

Signal associated specifically with volcanoes

Works under cloud covering

High sample rate

Captures entire field of deformation as opposed to discrete points

"Takes a picture" of ground surface, then compares

Yellowstone National Park

stats

Mega-collosal

Ultra-plinian

Much taller and more symmetrical 5600 yrs ago

62% of world's active geyers

-Large amounts of magma with strong explosive potential

-Need enormous amounts of erruptible magma that accumulates in shallow chambers

Low density crust is the key to growth of large volume, silicic magma reservoirs

Inhibits buoyant ascent of magma

Promotes reservoir growth

Pyroclastic flow changed in compositon throughout day due to the accumulation of new material

Afternoon, collapses by 5pm

1980-1986

One large dome created in the center of the crater

Active

Created several smaller domes within the crater

Effect on temperature, atmospheric conditions, crop-failure, famine

Easier to manage than sideways columns and gives earlier warning signs

West Cascades -- Earlier period

Older

Thicker

Generally more explosive

High Cascades -- Now & including Rainier

Younger

Thinner

Generally less explosive

38 million years ago

Subduction plate boundary running North-South the West Coast of America

20 million years ago

Western cascade batholith of granodiorite

Foundation upon which Rainier is built

Active 30-17 million years ago

Volcanoes are gone, remaining is is the volcanically-derived sediments, exposed batholiths, and calderas

Formed the foundation for the modern Cascades

Extends from the Snoqualmie Pass to Columbia Gorge

Includes:

-Thick dacite flows

-Basaltic Andesite flows

-Sandstones with andesite and dacite pebbles

-Palm tree life fossils

Felsic, rhyolites, rhyodacites

Above the Ohanapecosh formation

History of explosive erruptions

Rocky planets all have a history of volcanism

Gaseous planets have moons (icy, rocky, etc) that have volcanic acitivity

Jupiter's moon

Considered the most volcanically active planet in the solar system

Tidal heat

1) Need source of heat

2) Need something to melt

Jupiter moon

Icy

Solar heat

Mars

stats

Roughly half the size of Earth

Highest temperature is 70* F

CO2 snow storms

Water is usually frozen

One plate planet -- no mountains

Diverse surface aging -- no crustal recycling

Intensity of heat declined after 1 billion years -- no fresh lava flows

1) Noachian:

Heavy impact, Valley networks -- floods, Warm/wet

2) Hesperian:

Extensive volcanism, outflow channels, oceans, south circumpolar deposits

3) Amazonian:

low impacts, late stage polar caps, cold/dry

1) Shields -- shallow

2) Tholi -- steep

3) Paterae -- low/flat

*Not uniformely distributed

Biggest volcano in the solar system

Larger than the Hawaiian Island chain

Most extensive basaltic andesite flows

Basaltic: Mafic, extrusive rock

Andesite: Intermediate, extrusive rock

17 million years ago

Felsic colvanoiclastic sediments

Airfall tuffs

Lahars

Derived from rocks associated with Snoqualmie Batholith (25-17 million years ago)

From snow or glacial ice melted by pyroclastics, along with mud and debris that flows down the existing channel system

500 years old

Due to non-magmatic slope failure on West flank

Sunset ampitheatre

Much larger collapse

5600 years old

Large debris avalanche associated with magma intrusion

Convecting crystal mush with liquid magma

Crystals settle, liquids sit close to the surface

Remaining liquid high in silica because first minerals to crystallize are mafic

Doesn't completely solidify due to deeper-level, hotter, mafic magmas that are continually rising

Provides thermal energy that drives supervolcano system

New, hotter magma injected into system

Earthquakes and faults

Overpressure

Possible lake formation

Erosion

Uplift of caldera floor

Effusive and moderately explosive erruptions

1) 2.1 Ma -- 541 cubic miles of magma errupted

Formed massive caldera (one of 5 largest erruptions identified on Earth)

2) 1.3 Ma -- 57 cubic miles of magma errupted

Formed smaller calderas

3) 0.64 Ma -- 240 cubic miles of magma errupted

Medium-sized caldera formed

Hot and highly fluid

Travel at speeds hundreds of miles per hour

Can flow over huge obstacles like mountains and hills

30 erruptions of rhyolitic lava flows

Nearly filled caldera

Very slow extrusion

Rhyolite and basalt errupted outside caldera

NO BASALT ERRUPTED INSIDE CALDERA

Next erruption should be small with no warning

Travertine

Percipitation of dissolved CaCO3

2 tons/day

Explosion may hurl blocks substantial distances from craters

Last occurred 1989

Phreatic explosions are the biggest immediate hazard at Yellowstone