Term
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Definition
| individual differences with heritable basis that are involved in behaviors of emotion or arousablity |
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Term
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Definition
Extraverts- sociable, impulsive.
Introverts- quiet, introspective.
Neuroticism- anxiety. |
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| Extrovert/Introvert differences in response to external stimuli |
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Definition
Extraverts- sociable, impulsive.
Introverts- quiet, introspective. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.Skinner proposed theory based on principles of reinforcement.2.it proposes that all organismic action is determined and not free. 3. not observable. 4. self-reports=flawed. |
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Definition
| The delivery of a reinforcer/punisher occurs close together in time with an independent behavior. Therefore the behavior is accidentally reinforced/punished increasing the likelihood of that behavior of occuring again. |
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Definition
1.Skinner book about utopian society, members choose their own reinforcers
2.inspired actual communities, eg. Mexico- Los Horcones |
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| Skinner and Motivations (e.g Frued) |
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Definition
1.people were motivated through means of deprivation and reinforcement schedules.
2.behavior that is positively enforced will reoccur. |
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Definition
wrote a number of books on how specific body types (whether one is skinny, muscular, or fat) promoted specific personality traits.
research failed to support Sheldon's findings so theory is of historical interest only.
*body types relation to personality*. |
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Definition
aka galvainc skin response/skin conductance.
electricity will flow across the skin with less resistance if skin is damp with sweat.
*way to directly measure changes in the systematic nervous system. |
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Term
| Hebb's optimal level of arousal |
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Definition
| a level that is just right for any given task. ex. taking an exam, must be focused, alert, and attentive, but not aroused to the point of aniexty, or tired and sleepy. |
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Definition
study of identical and fraternal twins reared apart and their correlation.
*shows strong tradionalism and neuroticism have high heritability.
*major personality traits show high degree of heritablity. |
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| Cloninger's Tridimensial Personality Model |
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Definition
three personality traits are tied to levels of three neurotransmitters.
*novelty seeking based on low levels of dopamine.
*harm avoidance associates with abnormalities in serotinin metabolism
*reward dependence is related to low levels of norepinephrine. |
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Term
| Research methods used to give an estimate of heritablity |
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Definition
1.selective breeding-can infer heritability if selective breeding works
2.family studies-provide heritability estimates
3.twin studies-provide both heritability and environmentality estimates
4.adoption studies-"provide both heritability and environmentality estimates ",;get around the problem of equal environments assumptions |
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Term
| Shared Environmental Influences |
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Definition
| features of the environment that siblings share. ex. # of books in the home, the presense or absence of a tv/vcr, quality of the food in the home, the valuses and attitudes of the parents, etc. |
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Term
| Learned Helplessness and its various forumalations |
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Definition
*when subjected to unpleasant and inescapable circumstances, often become passive and accepting of their situation, in effect learning to be helpless.
*researchers surmised that if people were in an unpleasant or painful situation, they would attempt to change the situation. However, if repeated attemots to change the situation failed, they would redesign themselves to being helpless. Then, even if the situation did improve so that they could escape the discomfort, they would continue to act helpless. pg. 407 |
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| Gardner's Theory of multiple intelligence |
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Definition
7 forms of intelligence
*ability to communicate and get along with others
*insight to oneself
*ones emotions
*motives
*social skills
*kinesthetic
*musical
pg. 417 |
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Term
| self-efficacy expectations |
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Definition
the belief that one can execute a specific course of action to achieve a goal.pg 413
*high-efficacy lead to effort and persistence on tasks, setting higher goals
*self-efficacy leads to better performance, better performance leads to further increases in self-efficacy |
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Definition
*distress of worry about being negatively evaluated in interpersonal situations.
pg. 253-254 |
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Definition
| the extent to which one perceives oneself as relatively close to being the person one wants to be and/or as relatively distant from being the kind of person one does not want to be, with respect to person-qualities one positively and negatively values. |
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Term
| Circumplex models of personality |
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Definition
*It provides an explicit definition of interpersonal behavior.
*specifies the relationships between each trait and every other trait within the model.
*It alerts investigators to gaps in investigations of interpersonal behavior
*provides a map of major individual differences in the social domain. |
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Term
| Introverts response to external stimuli |
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Definition
*Hedonic tone (negative and postive)
*preferred stim. level lower for introverts
*decrease performance in reading while listening to music
*avoid external stimulus while studying |
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Term
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Definition
*dying out of behavior
*can happen as result of punishment or if rewarded for behavior and reward stops |
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Definition
Inner thoughts/feelings -- Environmental factors causing overt behavior.
ex. Ad for movie seen w/ friend. Real cause is external—the ad. |
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Term
| Problems/life struggles that people experience according to radical behaviorists |
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Definition
Neglects: language and intelligent thought. 1.Any behavior -- learned, overestimated 2.Overlooked genetic contributions to personality
3. No elaboration of social relationships except mutual reinforcements
4. Biggest objection -- people not free, though he strongly objected to coercion |
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Term
| continuous vs partial reinforcement schedules |
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Definition
Continuous Reinforcement (CR)
1.Faster learning
2.Faster extinction
3.Few early failures --> greater persistence.
Partial Reinforcement Schedules
1.Slower learning
2.Slower extinction
3.Start w/ continuous, then partial |
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Term
| fixed vs variable reinforcement schedules |
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Definition
| 1.fixed ratio a little bit faster than variable ratio.2. variable results in more consistent responding.fixed=results in a drop-off of behavior after reinforcement. |
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Term
| interval vs ratio reinforcement schedules |
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Definition
| Interval=reinforcement is given after person responds after some period of time. Ratio=reinforcement given after the person makes a certain number of responses.Ratio results in higher levels of responding. |
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Term
| Kelly's personal construct theory |
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Definition
| psychology as a science was an attempt to set in order the facts of human experience so that the psychologist could make good predictions about what people will do when confronted by new situations. |
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Term
| The role of construct repertory test |
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Definition
*number of dimensions and the dimensions of what people are.
1. For diagnosing personal construct systems. |
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Term
| self-efficacy expectations lecture notes |
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Definition
*individuals belief that they can produce context-specific
*influences: choices of activities; persistence
*low efficacy--avoid threatening situations
*high efficacy--challenging task |
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Term
| Bandura's view of modeling |
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Definition
-2 factors that will imitate model:1. personality characteristics of observer. 2.characteristics of model.
-depends on personality characteristics of observer ex. gender, self-esteem, rewarded in past. little boys will imitate adult men; little girls will imitate adult women.
-characteristics of model. Imitation increases when model
*competent, of similar background, similar physical appearance; behavior is nurturant; has control of future resources |
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Term
| Bandura's criticism of behaviorism |
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Definition
bahavior--inner processes and environmental influences.
*Internal processes--measurable and manipulable; largely from previous experiences.
*cognitive determinants of behavior, actual causes |
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Term
| Kelly's view of uniqueness of individuals |
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Definition
| people construct their own experiences by using their constructs to make sense of the world |
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| Kelly and guidance of behavior |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
*Extraversion (dominance-submissiveness)
*Agreeableness(social adaptability or likeablity)
*Neuroticism
*Conscientiousness (dependablitiy, impulse control, will to achieve)
*Openness (Culture, Intellect, Imagination) |
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Term
| Cattel's method at arriving at the appropriate traits |
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Definition
| 16 personality questionaire |
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Term
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Definition
1. Q-data (questionaire, paper and questions)
2. T-data (give test and looks for hidden agenda)
3. L-data (life observations, real behavior) |
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Term
| indication of big five: surgency (extrovert) |
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Definition
talkative
sociable
adventurous
open |
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Term
| indication of big five:surgency (introvert) |
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Definition
silent
reclusive
cautious
secretive |
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Term
| indication of big five: agreeableness |
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Definition
| sympathetic, kind, warm vs unsympathetic, unkind, harsh |
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Term
| indication of big five: conscientiousness |
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Definition
| responsible, scrupulous, persevering, tidy vs. undependable, unscrupulous, quitting, careless |
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Term
| indication of big five: emotional stability |
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Definition
| calm, relaxed, stable vs. moody, anxious, insecure |
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Term
| indication of big five: culture/intellect |
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Definition
| intellectual, artistic, imaginative, polished/refined vs. unflective, nonartistic, simple/direct, crude |
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Term
| importance of dominance in humans |
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Definition
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Term
| Usefulness of peer-ratings of personality |
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Definition
| *environmental-mold traits-results of learning/social experience |
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Term
| Compare and contrast Eynsenck with the Big 5 appoach |
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Definition
| Extraversion and Neuroticism in the Big Five are similar to Eysenck's traits of the same name. However, what Eysenck calls the trait of Psychoticism corresponds to two traits in the Big Five model: Conscientiousness and Agreeableness. Eysenck's personality system did not address Openness to experience. He argued that his approach was a better description of personality |
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Term
| Limitations of the usefulness of the big 5 approach. |
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Definition
| *fail to capture the underlying casual personality processes that researchers are really interested in. |
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Term
| name and define Kelly's constructs |
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Definition
1. Construction Corollary. We anticipate future events according to our interpretations of recurrent themes.
2. Individuality Corollary. People have different experiences and therefore construe events in different ways.
3. Organization Corollary. We organize our personal contructs in a hierarchical system, with some constructs in a superordinate position and others subordinate to them. This organization allows us to minimize incompatible contructs.
4. Dichotomy Corollary. All personal constructs are dichotomous, that is, we construe events in an either/or manner.
5. Choice Corollary. We choose the alternative in a dichotomized construct that we see as extending our range of future choices.
6. Range Corollary. Constructs are limited to a particular range of convenience, that is, they are not relevant to all situations.
7. Experience Corollary. We continually revise our personal constructs as the result of experience.
8. Modulation Corollary. Not all new experiences lead to a revision of personal constructs. To the extent that constructs are permeable they are subject to change through experience. Concrete or impermeable constructs resist modification regardless of our experience.
9. Fragmentation Corollary. Our behavior is sometimes inconsistent because our construct system can readily admit incompatible elements.
10. Commonality Corollary. To the extent that we have had experiences similar to others, our personal contructs tend to be similar to the construction systems of those people.
11. Sociality Corollary. We are able to communicate with others because we can construe their constructions. We not only observe the behavior of others, but we also interpret what that behavior means to them. |
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Term
| Eysenck'proposition that introvert and extrovert differences are biologically based |
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Definition
1. Personality types found universally.
-EPQ in 35 nations.
-Junior Eysenck Personality Q'aire->childrewn
2.Personality types stable over long periods of time.
ex. introverted children become introverted adults.
3. Twin studies -consistent with genetic hypothesis |
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Term
| Positive and Negative Enforcers and its difference from punishment |
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Definition
* Positive reinforcement is an increase in the future frequency of a behavior due to the addition of a stimulus immediately following a response. Giving (or adding) food to a dog contingent on its sitting is an example of positive reinforcement (if this results in an increase in the future behavior of the dog sitting).
* Negative reinforcement is an increase in the future frequency of a behavior when the consequence is the removal of an aversive stimulus. Turning off (or removing) an annoying song when a child asks their parent is an example of negative reinforcement (if this results in an increase in asking behavior of the child in the future).
punishment is the reduction of a behavior via a stimulus which is applied ("positive punishment") or removed ("negative punishment"). Making an offending student lose recess or play privileges are examples of negative punishment, while extra chores or spanking are examples of positive punishment. The definition requires that punishment is only determined after the fact by the reduction in behavior; if the offending behavior of the subject does not decrease then it is not considered punishment. |
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Term
| How does vicarious (social) learning occur? What factors play a role on whether observed behavior is actually performed (imitated)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Differences between radical behaviorism (Skinner)and Arthur's Stats psychological behaviorism regarding therapy. |
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Definition
Individual differences: Skinner=reenforcement histories, Staats=biological predispositions acknowledge.
2. cognitive process: skinner=scientist have no access to mental process, staats=can be studied by self-report measures
ex. time out-take child out of environment where problematic behavior occurs (staats). Skinner would not use, says emotion-inducing stimuli or the problematic behavior serve as reinforcers of new learning. emotion-inducing stimuli can reward or punish. |
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Term
| Introverts in central nervous system arousal. |
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Definition
1. Hedonic tone (negative and positive)
2.Introverts=much more sensitive to stimuli, preferred stimulus level lower.
3.Need for closure is higher for intros.
4. caffine increases performance. |
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Term
| Extrovert in central nervous system arousal |
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Definition
| 1. likes loud music, use higher for alcohol/drugs/smoke.2. More sex: earlier, activity/partners.3. higher pain tolerance. 4. reactive inhibition, repeated action=neutral fatigue. ex.higher to tire of activity/change jobs/significant others/get divorced. |
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Term
| Kelly's personal construct theory and its main goals in humans |
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Definition
| help people predict and anticipate |
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