Term
| FREQUENCY SERIATION (ALSO KNOW EXAMPLE) |
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Definition
LOOKS AT RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF DIFFERENT ARTIFACT TYPES IN ASSEMBLAGES
EXAMPLE: JAMES DEETZ'S STUDY OF CHANGES IN THE 18TH-19TH CENTURY OF N.E. GRAVESTONE DESIGNS. THE OLD GRAVESTONE (CHERUB) -- POPULAR IN THE 17TH CENTURY BUT DIMINISHED IN THE 18TH CENTURY. |
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Term
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Definition
| STATISTICAL ESTIMATE OF MOST ACCURATE DATA |
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Term
| WHAT TYPE OF PATTERN DO RELATIVE FREQUENCIES OF ARTIFACTS SHOW? |
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Definition
| THE "BATTLESHIP CURVE" PATTERN (GRAPH ON SECOND PAGE OF PHOTOBUCKET DOCUMENTS!) |
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Definition
| MEASURED UNITS OF TIME (RADIOCARBON IS MOST COMMON) |
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Term
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Definition
| ITEM "A" YOUNGER THAN ITEM "B" YOUNGER THAN ITEM "C." ORDER OF EVENTS IN TIME, BUT DOES NOT TELL HOW OLD IN MEASURED UNITS OF TIME. |
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Definition
RINGS IN TRUNK OF TREES - MEASURES TIME IN ANNUAL MEASUREMENTS -also helpful for telling us about climate change |
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Term
| BIOSTRATIGRAPHY (GIVE GOOD/BAD EXAMPLES) |
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Definition
| INDEX FOSSILS USED TO CORRELATE SEDIMENTS FROM CLIFF DEPOSITS, NOT ALL SPECIES MAKE GOOD INDEX FOSSILS. EXAMPLE: AFRICAN PIGS: GOOD INDEX FOSSILS HIPPOS: BAD INDEX FOSSILS DOG (DOMESTIC): GOOD INDEX FOSSILS CAT (DOMESTIC): BAD INDEX FOSSILS |
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Term
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Definition
| LOOKS AT PRESENCE/ABSENCE OF PARTICULAR INDEX FOSSIL ARTIFACTS |
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Term
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Definition
| ANIMSL AND PLANTS IN SAME ASSEMBLAGE |
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Term
| DIFFERENT TYPES OF RELATIVE DATING TECHNIQUES |
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Definition
-BIOSTRATIGRAPHY - INDEX FOSSILS USED TO CORRELATE SEDIMENTS FROM CLIFF DEPOSITS, NOT ALL SPECIES MAKE GOOD INDEX FOSSILS -OCCURANCE SERIATION - LOOKS AT PRESENCE/ABSENCE OF PARTICULAR INDEX FOSSIL ARTIFACTS -FREQUENCY SERIATION - LOOKS AT RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF DIFFERENT ARTIFACT TYPES IN ASSEMBLAGES |
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Term
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Definition
| FOUND IN POMPEII PREMISE - THOUGHT TO HAVE FOUND EARLY HUMAN SKULL, BUT IT WAS REALLY AN ORANGUTAN JAW BONE PUT ON A MODERN HUMAN SKULL. ARCHAEOLOGIST ARTHUR SMITH WOODWARD IS CORRELATED WITH THIS EVENT |
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Term
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Definition
| HELPS YOU ESTABLISH THE RELATIVE AGES OF DIFFERENT SITES. LINES INDICATE EQUIVALENT STRATA ON DIFFERENT SITES. BEST CLUES ARE CULTURAL AND GEOLOGICAL. |
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Term
| FIRST STEP OF ORGANIZING ARTIFACTS CHRONOLOGICALLY |
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Definition
| PLACING ASSEMBLAGES IN SEQUENCE (ORDINAL SCALE) |
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Term
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Definition
| THE PRINCIPLES OF SUPER-POSITION. NUMBER OF LEVELS FROM THE SURFACE DOWN. IN AN EXCAVATING SITE, YOU RESERVE THE PRINCIPLE. OLDER SEDIMENTS DISPLACED UPWARD BY EXCAVATION, STATIGRAPHY IN THE ORDER IS REVERSED |
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Term
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Definition
| HOW OLD THINGS ARE IN RELATION TO OTHER ARTIFACTS, ASSEMBLAGES. |
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Term
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Definition
| EXACT MEASURED AMOUNT OF TIME |
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Term
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Definition
| DIVISION OF TIME INTO DISCRETE BLOCKS (THIS IS CONTINUOUS) |
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Term
| WHY USE PROBABILISTIC SAMPLING IN RECONNAISSANCE? |
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Definition
| LITTLE KNOW ABOUT RESEARCH, NO SPECIFIC TYPE, NEED GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT CONTENTS OF RESEARCH AREAS. GOOD EXAMPLE: RECONNAISSANCE OF THE WESTERN NEGEU MILITARY RESERVATION. |
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Term
| JUDGEMENTAL SAMPLING (AND EXAMPLE) |
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Definition
| SOME DATA HAS BETTER CHANCE OF BEING DISCOVERED THAN OTHERS. EXAMPLE: DENNIS PULESTON USES OCCURENCE OF EXOTIC HIGHLAND RAMON NUT TREES (DONT GROW IN LOWLAND AREAS) TO GUIDE HIS RESEARCH FOR LOWLAND MAYA SITES IN NORTHERN BELIZER |
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Term
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Definition
| EVERY DATA HAS EQUAL CHANCE OF BEING DISCOVERED (CAN INFER PARAMETER OF LARGER UNSAMPLED POPULATION) |
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Term
| FIELD WORK AND THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH IT |
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Definition
| - DIFFICULT, EXPENSIVE, DANGEROUS, POTENTIALLY DESTRUCTIVE. - MUST HAVE RESEARCH PLAN AND FUNDING BEFORE YOU CAN START, NO DIFFERENT BETWEEN EXCAVATING A SITE AND NOT PUBLISHING IT AND LOOTING IT (NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LOOTING A SITE AND NOT PUBLISHING YOUR RESEARCH.) SAMPLING: CANT EXCAVATE EVERYTHING AND NOT EVERYTHING IS PRESERVED. |
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Term
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Definition
| LOOKING FOR SITES (NEAR RIVERS, CAVES, ETC.) |
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Term
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Definition
| DESTRUCTIVE. CHOICE OF EXCAVATION DRIVEN BY RESEARCH QUESTIONS |
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Term
| AMOUNT OF TIME SPENT ON FIELDWORK / LAB WORK PROVIDE PROFESSOR SHEA'S PERSONAL EXAMPLE |
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Definition
| FIELDWORK ACCOUNTS FOR A TINY FRACTION OF ARCHAEOLOGISTS TIME SPENT. EXAMPLE: PROFESSOR SHEA IN 2005 SPENT 8 WEEKS IN ETHIPIA (15%) 30 WEEKS TEACHING, WRITING (58%) 14 WEEKS WRITING AND ANALYZING (26%) TIME IN LAB IS MUCH GREATER THAN TIME IN FIELD. |
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Term
| CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGISTS VS ARCHAEOLOGISTS |
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Definition
| CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGISTS DO FIELDWORK ALONE, WHILE ARCHAEOLOGISTS DO FIELDWORK IN GROUPS. |
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Term
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Definition
| MOVE INTO DIFFERENT CULTURE, EXPECTATIONS ARE DIFFERENT. SAMPLES OF CULTURE SHOCK: DRIVES PEOPLE CRAZY, LEARN THE CULTURE OF THE PEOPLE THAT YOU'RE DEALING WITH |
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Term
| CULTURE SHOCK: 4TH WEEK SYNDROME |
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Definition
| WANTING TO KILL THE PEOPLE THAT YOURE LIVING WITH |
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Term
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Definition
SMALL AND VALUABLE ARTIFACTS. MANY REQUIRE ONE MAKING A SYSTEMATIC PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD OF ALL FINDS. EXAMPLE: STONE AGE EXCAVATIONS - REQUIRE MANY MEASUREMENTS OF STONE TOOLS. -must be sure to include a scale object |
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Term
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Definition
| OBJECTS THAT MIGHT DECAY RAPIDLY MUST BE STABILIZED IN THE FIELD LAB |
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Term
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Definition
| PREPAIRING THE FOSSILS SKULL AND A HIPPO FOR TRANSPORT FROM UBEIDIYA TO THE HERBREW UNIVERSITY |
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Term
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Definition
| LARGE SCALE OPERATION IN EXCAVATION (SEDIMENTS PEEL AWAY FROM ARTIFACT IN WATER) |
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Term
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Definition
| CLEANING AND REGISTRATION OF FIELDS. ALL FIELDS MUST BE CLEANED, CATALOGUED AND LABELED. CONSERVING AND REGISTERING FINDS. MEASURING AND DRAWING ARTIFACTS. |
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Term
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Definition
| RECOVERING ORGANIC REFORMS BY PUTTING SEDIMENTS IN WATER IN SCREENING PLANT MATTER ON SURFACE, LIGHT/HEAVY FRACTIONS OF PALEO-ENTHROBOTARY (SPELLING? HAHA) SOIL SAMPLES BEING WET SERVED, THIS CAN ONLY BE DONE IF THERE IS A STEADY SUPPLY OF WATER NEARBY. PICKING THROUGH LIGHT AND HEAVY FRACTIONS, PALEOBOTONICAL REMAINS ARE EXAMINED WITH A MICROSCOPE IN A LAB. |
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Term
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Definition
| MANY ARTIFACTS, ECOFACTS ARE TOO SMALL TO BE DETECTED DURING EXCAVATION. SCREENING SEDIMENTS WITH CLOTH-MESH HELPS ARCHAEOLOGIST RECOVER SMALL FINDS EFFECT ON DIFFERENT SCREEN MESH SIZES ON ARTIFACTS RECOVERY |
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Term
| EXCAVATION AND PROVENIENCE |
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Definition
| EXCAVATION DESTROYS PROVENIENCE, ONCE MEASURED PROVENIENCE CAN NEVER BE RECONSTRUCTED WITH ANY GREATER ACCURACY. IF PROVENIENCE WAS NEVER MEASURED, AN OBJECT "LACKS CONTENT" - IT IS WORTHLESS TO ARCHAEOLOGISTS |
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Term
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Definition
| RECORD FEATURES AND STRUCTURES BEFORE THEY ARE DISTURBED BY EXCAVATION EXAMPLE: BRONZE AGE BURIAL FOR PHOTOGRAPHY, NEED A CALL TO KNOW THE KNOWN SIZE OF THE OBJECT IN PHOTO. PHOTOS W/O SCALE: LITTLE SCIENTIFIC VALVE |
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Term
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Definition
| SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESIDUES IN AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE |
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Term
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Definition
| POINT FROM WHICH ALL MEASUREMENTS ORIGINATE |
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Term
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Definition
| METAL TUBE THAT POSTED INTO GROUND WHICH REMOVES CYLINDRIL SAMPLE OF SOIL |
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Term
| WHEELER-KENY ON EXCAVATION STRATEGY |
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Definition
| MAXIMIZES RECOVERY OF STRATIGRAPHICAL INFORMATION. UNEXCAVATED SECTION = BULK. DOES NOT WORK WELL ON LEVELS DEEPLY BURIED. ** WORKS ON SHALLOW SITES |
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Term
| EXCAVATION STRATEGIES: DECAPAGE OR HORIZONTAL EXPOSURE |
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Definition
| DESIGNED TO OBTAIN DATA ABOUT SPATIAL VARIATION IN RESIDUES FROM THE SAME LEVEL. |
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Term
| EXCAVATION TOOLS THAT PROFESSOR SHEA USED IN ETHIOPIA |
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Definition
| STRING, METER TAPES, MARSHALLTOWN TROWEL (?), ROCK HAMMER, DUST PAN, NOTEBOOK AND PENCIL, AK-47, "STUDENT BE GOOD" STICKS |
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Term
| MOST IMPORTANT TOOL IN EXCAVATION |
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Definition
| NOTEBOOK (USED FOR ELEVATION AND STRATIGRAPHY, ETC.) AND PENCIL |
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Term
| EXCAVATION STRATEGIES: SONDAGE OR "SOUNDING TRENCH" |
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Definition
USED TO OBTAIN INFORMATION ABOUT STRATIGRAPHY
CUT THREE DIFFERENT LAYERS AND GIVES SMALL SAMPLE OF DIFFERENT LAYERS. SEQUENCE OF LAYERS BUT MAKE DISTRIBUTIONS OF REMAINS (TELLS US ABOUT TIME) |
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