Term
| The Contrast - Men and Masculinity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| The first professionally produced play in American history (opened 1787). A comedy written by Royall Tyler. A patriotic play that opens the discourse on what type of man will dominate America - Genteel patriarch (seen as the old-world ideal man), the Heroic Artisan (seen as the new-world ideal), and the Self-Made Man. Luxury is renounced in favor of hard work and, accordingly, Colonel Manly ‘gets the girl’ in the end. (LR) |
|
|
Term
| Royall Tyler - Men and Masculinity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| Playwright, author of The Contrast (1787) (LR) |
|
|
Term
| Genteel Patriarch - Men and Masculinity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| dignified, aristocratic manhood (possible English accent). Exquisite tastes, refined manners, outwardly moral, compassionate (but also a cad, or womanizer). Represented as Dimple in The Contrast (LR) |
|
|
Term
| Heroic Artisan - Men and Masculinity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| Independent, virtuous, stiff morals and formal relationships (especially with women), loyal and hardworking. Colonel Manly in The Contrast (LR) |
|
|
Term
| Self-Made Man - Men and Masculinity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| Judged entirely on activities in public sphere (not on moral purity). Personal success measured by wealth and social mobility. He’s pragmatic, busy, and opportunistic, but is plagued by a restlessness, insecurity and desperation that comes with the possibility of failure. His character is Van Rough in The Contrast. (LR) |
|
|
Term
| Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur - Men and Masculinity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| discussed the birth of a new american man and his ability to invent himself in the Letters from an American farmer(1782) “ leaving behind all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, and the new government he obeys, and the new ranks he holds. The American new man who acts upon new principles... Here individuals of nations melted into a new race of man.(pg.15-16 Kimmel) (JC) |
|
|
Term
| Michel Chevalier- Men and Masculinity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| A european observer who noted the contrast between european and american manhood. The frenchman noted after visiting jacksonian america “of its universal instability” “here is all circulation, motion, motion and boiling agitation... men change their houses their climate, their trade, their laws, their officers and their constitutions”(kimmel 18)(JC) |
|
|
Term
| Alexis de Tocqueville- Men and Masculinity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
born July 29, 1805, died April 16, 1859; French political thinker and historian best known for authoring “Democracy in America;” widely regarded as one of the first works of political science and sociology; discussed the double edged quality of democratic personsonality. He observed that the american man was a radical democrat- equal alone, masterless and separate, autonomous and defenseless against the tyranny of the majority. The european man was fixed in his social positions but was also connected because aristocracy links everybody from peasant to king in one long chain. Democracy for Tocqueville meant freedom but disconnection(kimmel 19)
· Also observed differences between the treatment of women, relationship between fathers, sons in Europe and America
· “observed that what begins as greater freedom and intimacy in the New World actually soon changes into its opposite. In Europe women were far more dependent before marriage, unable to move about freely beyond the boundaries of the home, whereas in America unmarried women were relatively independent as girls. Marriage changed all that -- ‘the independence of woman is irrecoverably lost in the bonds of matrimony: if an unmarried woman is less constrained [in America] than elsewhere, a wife is subjected to stricter obligations.’ She ‘never leaves her domestic sphere, and is in some respects very dependent within it.’” (Kimmel, 38)
· “A similar paradox could be seen in the relationship between fathers and sons. American democracy dramatically reduced the distance between them, relaxing filial bonds of obedience, as ‘relations between father and sons become more intimate and gentle; there is less of rule and authority, often more of confidence and affection.’ Sons addressed their fathers ‘with a tang of freedom, familiarity and tenderness all at once.’ And yet these tender and intimate relations ended quickly as the sons grew up. Preparation for manhood required that the son become independent quickly, ‘master of his thoughts’ and soon ‘master of his conduct.’ He was raised to shed his familial dependence like a snake sheds its old skin.” (Kimmel, 38) |
|
|
Term
| Andrew Jackson - Men and Masculinity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| Came to power as the champion of the heroic artisan, where rural yeoman farmer or urban artisan, against the effete aristocracy of the eastern urban entrepreneur and the decadent landed gentry. The heroic artisan embraced Jackson. He campaigned in 1828 in the words of his campaign song as one who can fight against John quincy Adams pitting the plowman against the professor. His administration was saturated with rhetoric, of the violent short-tempered, impulsive democratic arsinate, especially in his struggle against the savage nature of primitive manhood(indians) and the effete, decadent institutions that signaled Europeanized overcivilization of the central bank.(25-26 kimmel)(JC) |
|
|
Term
| Martin Van Buren - Men and Masculinity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| Jacksons vice president and successor who was meant to carry on the the struggle against the forces of feminization and proletarianization. A son of an innkeeper who was praised by Jackson as frank, open candid and manly.(27 kimmel),(JC) |
|
|
Term
| William Henry Harrison (“Old Tippecanoe,” “Cincinnatus of the West”) - Men and Masculinity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| battled for election as president against Van Burren. Harrisons manly virtues and log cabin birth were contrasted with Van burens ruffled shirts and his cabinet composed of eastern office holder pimps. had two symbols attached to him 1) the heroic artisan: log cabin , symbolizing the humble birth of a self made man of the people- and Cincinnatus of the West- and the hard cider jug, symbolizing his alliance with traditional artisanal work and his opposition the the new disciplines of the market(kimmel 28)(JC). Refused to wear a top coat, “lest he appear weak” when he took office on one of the most bitterly cold days on record in Washington and caught pneumonia, was immediately bed ridden and died one month later – the shortest term in office of any president in our history (CDV) |
|
|
Term
| William Macready - Men and Masculinity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| was a british actor who symbolized the genteel patriarch clashed with edwin forrest who were both playing Macbeth. characterized as elegant pompous and extraordinarily gifted actor(kimmel 29)(JC) |
|
|
Term
| Edwin Forrest - Men and Masculinity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| clashed with William Macready. A stark contrast to William Macready Forrest was a man of the people, born to a humble life, represented the man of the people. Had a muscular and masculine appearance which stood in stark contrast with William Macready more effeminate appearance.(Kimmel 30)(JC) |
|
|
Term
| Astor Place riot - Men and Masculinity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| thousands of workingmen and working teenagers rioted against William Macready performance at the astor opera house due to their contempt for all things aristocratic.Marked first time american troops had ever opened fire on American citizens(Kimmel 31)(JC) |
|
|
Term
| Ned Buntline - Men and Masculinity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| a nativist of the infamous organization Patriotic Order of Sons of America, whipped the mob of the Astor place riots into a frenzy in order to prevent William Macready performance or conclusion.(Kimmel 31)(JC) |
|
|
Term
| Sylvester Graham - Men and Masculinity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| wrote self help books to prevent the effeminization of american men. Graham laid out an elaborate plan for dietary and behavioral reforms that would allow men to live secure, upright, productive and healthy lives. Sai for instance that men should avoid eating meat because consumption of animal meat made it more likely that the commit “sins of the flesh”(Kimmel 34-35)(JC) |
|
|
Term
| Separate Spheres - Men and Masculinity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| women and men were seen to belong to separate spheres. Men were meant to work and provide for the family while (public sphere) as women were meant to raise the children and stay in the home doing domestic chores (private sphere). When men felt threatened that their social sphere was being encroached upon they would use religious doctrine and scientific and medical evidence in order to prove that women were not capable of joining them in the public sphere....(there is so much to say about this particular term i would suggest reading the relevant section in kimmel. This will most likely be a very important term on the test so i believe a brief definition cannot do it justice.( read kimmel 38-39, 51, 115-118,148-149)(JC) |
|
|
Term
| Gold Rush - Men and Masculinity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| allowed many men to escape the confines of the city and pursue “pure Manhood” of a rugged lifestyle that allowed for freedom and the values embodied by many backwoodsman.(Kimmel 45-46)(JC) |
|
|
Term
| Washington Irving - Men and Masculinity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
The basics:
· 19th century American author, essayist, biographer; born April 3, 1783, died November 28, 1859
· Best known works: Rip van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (both from The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., a collection of essays/short stories)
· Though many books published using his legal name, used variety of pseudonyms throughout career, including Geoffrey Crayon, Jonathan Oldstyle, Diedrich Knickerbocker, Launcelot Langstaff, Will Wizard
Relevance to the class:
· Referenced in Michael Kimmel’s “Manhood in America”
· “Works of fiction and essays exploited the Lockean# theme of America as the state of nature in which individual morality could emerge… novelist Charles Brockden Brown claimed that he had replaced the ‘puerile superstitions and exploded manner, Gothic castles and chimeras’ of the European novel with ‘the incidents of Indian hostility and the perils of the Western wilderness.’ And Washington Irving echoed these themes a few decades later, writing that ‘[w]e send our youth abroad to grow luxurious and effeminate in Europe; it appears to me, that a previous tour on the Praires would be more likely to produce that manliness, simplicity and self-dependence, most in unison with our political institutions.’ In politics and in culture, in both fiction and fact, American men faced a choice between effeminacy and manliness, between aristocracy and republicanism.” (Kimmel, 15)
· In the wake of the Astor Place Riot, British actor William Macready “determined to cancel his performances and sail the next night for England,” (Kimmel, 31). He changed his mind, however, after appeals from “New York notables, including bankers, merchants, and writers like Washington Irving and Herman Melville,” (Kimmel, 31). Interestingly, some argued that Irving wrote more for a European than an American audience, and appealed more to British tastes. His appeal in the light of the Astor Place Riot could be seen as affirming this, though his quote from page 15 of Kimmel does rather confuse the matter.
· “...real-life historical figures were transformed into mythic heroes within a decade or two of their deaths; early nineteenth-century American novelists made them up as they went along. Heroic men, to be sure, populated their pages, but antebellum fiction by men is also marked by the startling absence of sexuality, of marriage, of families -- the virtual absence of women entirely. American novels were about ‘adventure and isolation plus an escape at one point or another, or a flight from society to an island, a woods, the underworld, a mountain fastness -- some place, at least, where mothers do not come.’ Take Washington Irving’s famous story ‘Rip Van Winkle’ (1820). What appears to be a surface treatment of progress -- Van Winkle sleeps for twenty years and comes back to find everything changes -- is also the story of poor Rip’s escape from his shrewish wife. ‘Morning, noon, and night her tongue was incessantly going, and everything he did or said was sure to produce a torrent of household eloquence.’ Usually, Rip simply ‘shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, and cast up his eyes’ in response. But finally, he had to get away. ‘Poor Rip was at last reduced almost to despair; and his only alternative, to escape from the labor of the farm and clamor of his wife, was to take gun in hand and stroll away into the woods.’”
Fun fact:
Author, poet, and literary critic Edgar Allan Poe was not particularly fond of Irving’s style. He, along with other critics of the time, criticized Irving as being one of the more “over-rated” authors. |
|
|
Term
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton - Women and Femininity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
The basics:
· Born November 12, 1815, died October 26, 1902
· Women’s rights/social activist, abolitionist
· Stanton and husband both avid abolitionists (husband often on the road due to career)
· Along with Susan B. Anthony, leading figure of the early women’s rights movement
· Distinguished among early women’s rights activists for advocating beyond suffrage (e.g. women’s parental/custody rights, property rights, employment/income rights, divorce, birth control)
· She and Susan B. Anthony declined to support 14th, 15th Amendments because, while black men would be allowed to vote, both white and black women would still be excluded |
|
|
Term
| Lucretia Mott - Women and Femininity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
January 3, 1793 – November 11, 1880) was an American Quaker, abolitionist, women's rights activist, and a social reformer.
Went to general convention on anti-slavery, and had to sit in segregated area with other women.
Organized Seneca Falls convention with Stanton
As a Quaker Mott felt that slavery was evil and refused slave-made products and supported the abolitionist |
|
|
Term
| Seneca Falls Convention - Women and Femininity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
Organized by Lucretia Mott an ardent Quaker and Stanton, who believed in logic more than religion
This was a birthplace of the American Women’s Rights Movement.
They created a declaration of sentiments and a document of resolutions to be signed and voted upon detailing the rights they wanted including the right to vote. [PS]
radical because claimed women are citizens; their relationship to the state should be direct and unmediated by husband and children. directly challenged separate spheres [M. Ahmad] |
|
|
Term
| Catharine Beecher - Women and Femininity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
An American educator who believed in females were better suited to be teachers than men.
Ardent opponent of women’s suffrage (CDV)
She did not believe that women should have the right to vote because she thought they could better influence society through teaching
She also worked for the incorporation of kindergartens into the education system
She founding Women’s Educational Society and Women’s Colleges. [PS]
Joined health reform efforts (CDV)
argued that the home could be a force for national unity. women as nurturers and submissive wives could sustain the democratic social order. envisioned women as agents of middle-class culture, moral regeneration, and by implication of manifest destiny. influence was the woman’s power. politicized domesticity [M. Ahmad] |
|
|
Term
| Godey’s Lady’s Book - Women and Femininity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
A popular magazine distributed before the Civil War
Each issue contained poetry, articles, and engravings created by prominent writers and other artists of the time
The magazine was expensive at $3 an issue but was targeted at women and distributed daily.
The cover art featured the progression of women’s dress through the years
Had 150,000 subscribers [PS]
supported idea that women could be a force for good, not so much in their actions as in their being (beautiful, moral, pure, self-sacrificing) [M. Ahmad] |
|
|
Term
| Susan B. Anthony - Women and Femininity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
A former teacher and temperance-abolition activist
A brilliant organizer
left temperance movement in 1853 and turned attention to women’s rights with Stanton
One of a few early women’s rights leaders who never married, and pressured Stanton to leave housework to attend their cause (CDV) |
|
|
Term
| married women’s property laws - Women and Femininity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
provided a focus in the women’s rights movement
Stanton, Anthony, and Ernestine Rose presented petitions in 1854 with 10,000 signatures for woman suffrage and married women’s property rights to the NY legislature. set a pattern for action in NY through the rest of the decade winning a series of legal improvements in the process (reader 62) |
|
|
Term
| Sojourner Truth - Women and Femininity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
was a slave women who influenced Harriet Tubman with her skill at biblical exegesis that thrilled woman's rights conventions. Many african american women in the independent African American Episcopal church in the Northern states demanded ordination but after 1840 found that the church hierarchy was resistant to formal recognition of their ministry.Female leaders, however found the sources of courage and the language of freedom in religion. Sojourner truth was the greatest of these women who expressed this freedom and gave courage to african american women(reader 66)Important points-
- She influenced harriet tubman with her excellent sermons in the episcopal church
- african american reformer who inspired many with her powerful sermons(JC)
- insisted womanhood include black women |
|
|
Term
| Sanitary Commission - Women and Femininity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
Two weeks after the civil war began women formed twenty thousand aid societies in the north and the south, to supply armies with clothing, medical supplies and money.In the north, these societies, composed mostly and led primaritly by women, were coordinated by a central agency, the sanitary commision.Through the sanitary comission women raised over 15 million worth of supplies for the war. Their member organizations staged everything from door-to-door fundraising drives to county fairs, from musicales to lectures on the chemistry of agriculture. New york city women financed the training of nurses; rural women provided provided fruits and vegetables from sanitary potato patches. Their work to train nurses broke down barriers in the sense that they brought women into the publics sphere although many men were still skeptical at “ refined modest ladies caring.... for strange men and crude soldiers from all walks of life” (reader68)
Important Points
- The sanitary commission enabled women to enter public life and get involved in activism that affected the war effort. This led to women leaving the world of separate spheres and paved the way for future reformers and activist women, who fought for issues that were dear to them
-It should be noted that this did not mean the separate sphere’s was by any means broken, the sanitary commission though was crucial at getting women involved in women's activism during the time of the civil war and paved the way for future reformers.(JC) |
|
|
Term
| Women’s National Loyal League - Women and Femininity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| Women’s rights advocacy group organized to propose passage of 13th Amendment (end to slavery) in a more patriotic way than race riots. 2. Gilded age 3. Women’s suffrage 4. “Brought thousands of women into public & political action, giving them organizational experience, new skills” (Evans). Represents increased visibility of women suffrage, breakdown of separate spheres, defining new roles for women during reconstruction. (LR) |
|
|
Term
| George Train - Women and Femininity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| “racist democrat” (Evans) who gave financial support to NWSA to further the cause of white women suffrage “as a weapon against” black suffrage. 2. gilded age 3. Women’s suffrage/African American experience 4. Train represents the degraded societal view both of African Americans and women. Era in which one group pitted against the next in struggle for equality.(LR) (reader 72) |
|
|
Term
| National Woman Suffrage Association - Women and Femininity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| Suffrage organization founded by Stanton & Anthony known for its attention-grabbing tactics. Advocated for women’s suffrage at national level (saw women’s suffrage as more important than black male suffrage. Saw it as a way to achieve black male suffrage). Refused to support the 15th Amendment unless it enfranchised women, fearing that this would be their last opportunity. 2. Gilded age 3. Woman suffrage/ breakdown of separate spheres. 4. Opportunity for women to enter public/political sphere, unites professional/middle class women, illustrates split in female society about how best to deal with dual problems of women/black male suffrage.(LR) (reader 72) |
|
|
Term
| American Woman Suffrage Association - Women and Femininity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| Suffrage organization founded by Stone & Blackwell - supported black male suffrage at national level, women’s suffrage at (less important) state level. Were convinced that Republicans wouldfupport woman suffrage once blacks were enfranchised, were wrong. 2. Gilded age 3. Women’s suffrage 4. both groups essentially wanted the same thing just had differing opinions on best way to achieve. Both groups kept issue of suffrage alive during reconstruction.(LR) (reader 73) |
|
|
Term
| Frances Willard - Women and Femininity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| 1. suffragist, president of WCTU, significantly influenced passage of 18th amendment (prohibition). 2. Gilded age 3. suffrage/victorian womanhood 4. Used images of victorian womanhood (female morality, protection of the home etc) to mobilize Christian women to participate in WCTU. She brought upper-class conservative women into public/political sphere. “Pushy female reformer”. Advocated for “womanliness first, after what you will”. (advocated for Victorian womanhood, combined with call for female citizenship) moral and political “mission”. (LR) (reader 74) |
|
|
Term
| Women’s Christian Temperance Movement (WCTU) - Women and Femininity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
1. Movement largely composed of upper-class Christian women aimed at ending negative influences of alcohol on traditional family structure and men’s responsibilities. Men not allowed to join. 2. gilded age 3. women suffrage/victorian womanhood/men’s responsibilities as breadwinners. 4. Brought previously inactive women into public sphere, gave them a “socially acceptable” way to be politically active. “fused public & private concerns, domesticity and politics, as well as republican mother and suffragist” (Evans). Also joined with other women’s organizations in anti-prostitution movements. LR (reader 74)
- Temperance was a secular reform with evangelical roots, couched in religious language. protection of the home and fam from the violence, financial irresponsibility, immorality associated with male drinking. Ultimately, couldn’t transcend the biases of its mostly white, upper middle class, native-born base. [M. Ahmad] |
|
|
Term
| “Home Protection Ballot” - Women and Femininity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
1. cornerstone of WCTU message, pioneered by Francis Willard. Traditional family unit being threatened by evils of alcohol....? (reader 74)
- demand through which the mothers/daughters of America could participate in decisions about whether “the door of the rum shop is opened or shut beside their homes”
- vision of a maternal commonwealth that fused public/private concerns, domesticity/politics, republican motherhood/suffragist [M. Ahmad] |
|
|
Term
| Daughters of St. Crispin - Women and Femininity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
| 1. 1st effective female workers’ union. Fought for rights in the workplace specifically to keep work in the factories for a fair wage rather than outsourcing for cheaper rates. 2. gilded age 3. women in the workplace/ maternal commonwealth 4.groups of women organizing into political units to demand better working conditions and their right to form unions. Although some members were fired, public support for the daughters brought rights of women in workplace into public limelight. (LR). |
|
|
Term
| Knights of Labor - Women and Femininity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
was the largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880s. Its most important leader was Terence V. Powderly. The Knights promoted the social and cultural uplift of the workingman, rejected Socialism and radicalism, demanded the eight-hour day, and promoted the producers ethic of republicanism.The Knights of Labor had a mixed history of inclusiveness and exclusiveness, accepting women and blacks (after 1878) and their employers as members, and advocating the admission of blacks into local assemblies, but tolerating the segregation of assemblies in the South (EK)
- women began to formulate a maternal commonwealth rooted in own perspectives and needs
- organized broad groups: factory workers, people who worked in the home
- for once, women were not forced to choose between work and kinship defined loyalties
- reinterpreted republican and religious traditions to create an alternative to the ravages of industrial capitalism
- rapid decline in late 1880s
[M. Ahmad] (reader 79) |
|
|
Term
| Association of Collegiate Alumnae (ACA) - Women and Femininity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
- The parent organization of the American Association of University Women and the National Association of Women Deans and Counselors, founded in 1882.
- They played a crucial bridging role in the history of higher education for women by simultaneously supporting conventional and radical ideas about “woman's nature. “
Remember: ACA hoped to promote and raise standards for women's higher education
(YK)
- founded to fill the personal and intellectual void many experienced after college
- provided both female community and an opportunity to help raise the standards of female education
- worked to improve own salaries, counteract popular ideas that education went against female nature (reader 81) [M. Ahmad] |
|
|
Term
| Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) - Women and Femininity in 19th Century America |
|
Definition
founded 1867 to help young, single women migrating to cities to work
- advocate on Racial Justice, Violence Against Women, Early Childhood Education and Increasing Women's Income issues.
- provide temporal, moral, and religious welfare of young women who are dependent on their own exertions for support.
Remember: YWCA work to alleviate poverty and to help girls and women move into the mainstream of society. (YK)
- worked to extend middle-class domestic ideals to the increasingly visible young working women. concerned about morality of boardinghouses, established boarding homes for young women of “good character.” focused concern on white, native-born women |
|
|
Term
| Maria Stewart - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| The first women to profit from sibling relation to an abolitionist, African American grew up in 1830’s, came to prominence in 1830 with help of Lloyd garrison. Stood up for women’s rights, especially racial themes, problems with prejudice and slavery, moral lapse of black community.(jc) Her status as a widow also gave her some social protection from ostracism.(kc) Deeply religious, but was more than a preacher; talked about worldly matters as well. dropped into obscurity [M. Ahmad] |
|
|
Term
| Frances (“Fanny”) Wright - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| radical British advocate for workingmen, scandalized because spoke to promiscuous audience/men (jc) She was accused of being a prostitute because she spoke in front of men. She helped bring woman out in the public sphere even though she was accused of prostitution.(kc) |
|
|
Term
| Margaret Fuller - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| white woman from Cambridge, was a writer for women like maria stewart. suggested that men in America did not want women to be educated because feared education would strip women of femininity and women were not concerned with the world of the mind.(jc) She and Stewart were part of a new era for female readers and writers, drew from 20s/30s reform [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Angelina Grimké - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| came to prominence in the abolitionist newspaper the Liberator as an abolitionist orator,(jc) began storm of controversy, started first full-fledged discussion in the U.S. about the rights of women [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Sarah Grimké - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| abolitionist, daughter of wealthy southerners, considered radical(jc) In NY, both sisters helped organize the first national convention of the female societies [ma] |
|
|
Term
| coverture - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| A man “covered” or stood in place of, his dependents before the outside world, including the law and the church( a remainder of coverture today is the custom of a woman taking her husbands name) A wife owed her husband compliance and labor for his economic support and protection. Each owed sexual fidelity.(jc) deeply embedded doctrine grounded in legal reality (state statutes and common law). 1800s height of coverture, when taking husband’s name became popular [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Ernestine Rose - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| polish jew owenite who helped pass a law for married women’s property rights in 1848 which had a historic break from tradition of coverture(jc) friends and coworkers with Stanton [ma] |
|
|
Term
| American Equal Rights Association (AERA) - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| dedicated itself to equal suffrage.(jc) Formed when the woman’s rights leaders combined with the Garrisonians (mg) only a few Republicans in Congress showed interest, Democrats cynically supported (seized on votes for woman as a ploy to undercut black suffrage). pushed aside by black manhood suffrage, women turned oppositional and partial, AERA dissolved and have AWSA and NWSA. [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Fourteenth Amendment - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| was a compromise between moderates and radicals: Federal power would defend the freed people’s civil rights, but stopped short of guaranteeing a vote.(jc) first time “male” appeared in the constitution. [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Fifteenth Amendment - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| Grants each American citizen to vote, regardless of their “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”. Although women were not included in this amendment, it was seen as a step toward women’s suffrage. (TB) |
|
|
Term
| Frances E.W. Harper
- The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| said white women too concerned with gender and not race(jc) African American woman who was a champion for colored women (mg) |
|
|
Term
| The Revolution
- The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| A newspaper devoted to equal right for men and women. Discussed issues like: discrimination against female workers, celebrated female vocational accomplishments, most sensationally broached sex and marriage(jc) criticized marriage as despotism |
|
|
Term
| National Equal Rights Party - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| third party founded by women on the west coast who tired of being knocked around by republicans- Lockwood ran for president in this party(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Belva Lockwood
- The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| brought to suffrage work an interest in working women, outlaw sex discrimination in federal employment, wanted to empower women economically so women could me more financially independent from husbands(jc) first serious female contender for the presidency. maneuvered in an all-male political world, previous experience in Washington taught her there was no getting power unless women grabbed it |
|
|
Term
| New Departure
- The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| militant strategy of constitutional change---- the startling idea is women already have right to vote based upon the14th amendment which guarantees equal protection under the laws—14 and 15th amendment protected rights of all citizens ergo woman have the right to vote(jc) women ust had to go to the polls, offered a way to seize the attention of Congress. strategy devised by Francis and Virginia Minor. |
|
|
Term
| Victoria Woodhull - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| testified before the house judiciary committee for the new departure
(jc) a mysterious outsider, appeared out of nowhere in NY, scandalized the suffrage movement, Stanton saw the opportunity for court |
|
|
Term
| Minor v. Happersett - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| rejected ms. Minors claim that voting was a national right, used 14th and 15th amendment as justification(jc) Led to the Court’s first consideration of women’s constitutional rights; Crushed the New Departure strategy (mg) lent the Court’s authority to the increasingly popular view that the fed government bore no responsibility for enforcing voting rights [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Bradwell v. Illinois - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| came before minor case; Myra Bradwell sued Illinois when it rejected her application for admission to the bar because she was a woman; Lead to the Court's first consideration of women's constitutional rights; Supreme Court decides that the Constitution did not guarantee a married woman the right to pursue any employment involving law (mg) textbook case of the Court’s beliefs about the special nature of women. set the stage for the Minor case. coverture and women’s subordination to male governance [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Anna Julia Cooper - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| An educator and classics scholar who published in 1892 A Voice form the South: By a Black Woman from the South, which is a searching meditation on race relations, women's power, and black America; Suggested that black woman have the double burden of race and sex; first to talk about black women’s unique position in America. Viewed that the very neglect of black women made them the New Women because all their career is right before them to achieve; would be the new heroine who made herself up as she went along (Page 125 Stansell) (mg) |
|
|
Term
| Ida B. Wells - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| wrote for a black newspaper, criticized trial of three black men in Memphis. international attention with expose of mob violence in the south. A New Woman, not explicitly a feminist writer, but by speaking of unspeakable things, she breached protocols that made sex off-limits to respectable black women. Wells connected lynching to sexual violence, showing myth of black man’s lust for white women worked to legitimize torture and murder [ma] |
|
|
Term
| National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| president Elizabeth stanton; Stanton and Anthony's NWSA and Boston-based AWSA merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage (NAWSA); Lead to a softened tone and diminished goals (mg) |
|
|
Term
| National Association of Colored Women (NACW) - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| a federation that gave national clubwoman a platform; supported women’s rights. motto “lifting as we climb.” leaders described as radical interracialists in the temperance tradition, forged useful ties with white women. endorsed women’s suffrage and joined the WCTU and NAWSA in the cause. af american women didn’t need much persuasion to see the need for the vote in this age of black disenfranchisement |
|
|
Term
| Mary Church Terrell - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Harriot Stanton Blatch - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| younger daughter of Cady Stanton, feminist who worked on women’s suffrage, emphasized womens importance as laborers and their economic contributions(jc) frustrated with inertia of the suffrage movement in the U.S., said that the old order of suffragist had kept youngsters in their place, had let working women alone, had not bothered with men bent on politics. orchestrated the 1912 parade as a pageant, first American suffrage parade in NY, daring act that showcased the New Woman [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Carrie Chapman Catt - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| leader nawsa National American Woman Suffrage Association,
(jc); was a women's suffrage leader who campaigned for the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which gave U.S. women the right to vote in 1920; founder of the League of Women Voters and the International Alliance of Women (mg) realized NAWSA must change assumptions about who was in/out. labor and white men were in, black women and white southerners were out. used college women to canvass, went to factory yards, had translators, appealed to immigrant ideals. started catering to more groups, and pretty creatively. presented self as the reasonable older woman and found picketers extreme, counterproductive, and selfish [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL) - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| dedicated to promoting contacts between middle class “allies” and female industrial workers(jc); was a U.S. organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions. The WTUL played an important role in supporting the massive strikes in the first two decades of the twentieth century that established the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America and in campaigning for women's suffrage among men and women workers (mg) |
|
|
Term
| Inez Milholland - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| leader of new women, Vassar graduate and lawyer, organizer and leader, led parades on beautiful white horse.(jc) image fused Joan of Arc with neoclassical nobility, died tragically in 1916 at 30 from untreated anemia exacerbated by exhaustion of the suffrage trail. New Women were not exempt from difficulties of everyday life [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Maud Younger - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| suffrage leader, biggest contribution- driving 6 horses with a carriage to show she could do a man’s task.(JC); was an American suffragist, feminist, and labor activist; took up the cause of working women (mg) epitomized the feminist temperament at its most ebullient and least conflicted, unlikely New Woman. moved from labor commitments to the suffrage campaign |
|
|
Term
| lynching - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| hanging of black men(jc); Wells was a journalist who wrote about mob violence in the South and was an example of a New Woman described by Anna Cooper and had to flee for her life as a result of angering the public with her pieces (mg) |
|
|
Term
| Emma Goldman - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| russian born anarchist, patron saint of heterosexuality of the left wing lecture circuit.(JC) promised a “true companionship and oneness” would blossom between the sexes, enthusiasm for a common effort with men fostered faith that equality could be willed [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Margaret Sanger - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| birth control advocate, sex educator, and nurse. Sanger coined the term birth control, opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established Planned Parenthood. Sanger's efforts contributed to the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case which legalized contraception in the United States; an iconic figure for the reproductive rights movement (mg) |
|
|
Term
| Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage(CU) |
|
Definition
| Alice Paul and Lucy Burns founded the organization originally under the name the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage; Fought for equal rights (mg) CU was interested in issues of equal pay for equal work, while NAWSA was indifferent. CU membership was as varied as the larger movement. renamed itself the National Woman’s Party. [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Alice Paul - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| swarthmore graduate who joined the wspu; as an American suffragist and activist. Along with Lucy Burns and others, she led a successful campaign for women's suffrage that resulted in the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920 (mg) |
|
|
Term
| Lucy Burns - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| activist for wspu; was an American suffragist and women's rights advocate. She was a passionate activist in the United States and in the United Kingdom. Burns was a close friend of Alice Paul, and together they ultimately formed the National Woman's Party (mg) Burns and Paul took over operations when saw gap in NAWSA leadership, had enormous influence, organized huge successful parade. They also saw the benefits of getting involved in Washington politics, gathered a group of insiders, eventually were powerful enough to break out on their own. [ma] |
|
|
Term
| National Woman’s Party - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| was a women's organization founded by Alice Paul in 1913 that fought for women's rights during the early 20th century in the United States, particularly for the right to vote on the same terms as men; Originally the CU (above) (mg) Congressman and senators from suffrage states backed this, recognized importance of the new voters when margins of electoral victories were thin. set up full-time lobbying office, protested on the sidewalk in front of the White House, showed split between incorrigible daughters and respectable mothers [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Nineteenth Amendment
- The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| gave women right to vote. finally came about because of an unacknowledged common front, a mutual dependence between old and young, mothers and daughters, women’s rights practicality and feminist rebellion [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Ben Tillman - The Woman Movement and the Politics of Suffrage |
|
Definition
| was an American politician who served as the 84th Governor of South Carolina, from 1890 to 1894, and as a United States Senator, from 1895 until his death in office. Tillman's outspoken white supremacy and support for lynch law provoked national controversy (mg) warned that toying with the woman question messed with white supremacy, shows that the suffrage was a huge blow to the southern way of life. [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Charlotte Perkins Gilman - Engendering Progressive REform |
|
Definition
| Social and economic theorist, wrote the book women and economics---illustrated the problem of women entering into marriage for financial reason, amounted to a form of prostitution(jc) She wrote the book that helped develop the idea of Social Evil(kc) |
|
|
Term
| Jane Addams - Engendering Progressive REform |
|
Definition
| Prominent member of the American Settlement house movement, fought against female political subordination(jc) argued that if political rights were given to women, one cannot imagine that the existence of the social evil would remain unchallenged in its semi-legal protection. wrote A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil, sympathetically recounted stories of women driven to prostitution due to economic hardships. mentioned desire for finery as a motive, but described it not as an individual fault but a socially instilled ambition [ma] |
|
|
Term
| red-light abatement acts - Engendering Progressive REform |
|
Definition
a vice law which was intended to curtail or eliminate prostitution. The Act was passed by the California legislature and signed by Governor Hiram Johnson in 1913, and became effective on 3 November 1914. Under the Act, brothel around the state were eventually shut down.
provide for the abatement of houses of prostitution. (YK) |
|
|
Term
| Social Evil - Engendering Progressive REform |
|
Definition
| Women driven into prostitution due to economic hardship(jc); Social issues are matters which directly or indirectly affect a person or many members of a society and are considered to be problems, controversies related to moral values, or both (mg) |
|
|
Term
| white slave traffic - Engendering Progressive REform |
|
Definition
| refers to the practice in which women were forcibly recruited into prostitution or forcibly kept from leaving it. Sex trafficking(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Rose Livingston - Engendering Progressive REform |
|
Definition
| white slavery rescue worker, anti-prostitution missionary reformer, tried to save women from men who would force women into prostitution—(i.e. cadet), called attention to white slavery with the help of women suffragist, dubbed Angel of Chinatown, challenged patriarchal authority of municipal governments to protect female resident from sexual and physical harm. Livingston argued that only through women’s moral influence in government could they achieve adequate protection from sexual predation and exploitation. Purportedly escaped prostitution herself with the aid of a reformist, had two children while being a sexual slave for ten years, many challenged her story of sexual slavery escape and redemption(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Donaldina Cameron - Engendering Progressive REform |
|
Definition
| white slavery rescue worker: Her work is still marked by the presence of Cameron house in San Francisco. She came to California in 1969 at the age of two and lost her mother at a young age. She was inspired by rescue stories in San Francisco. Cameron assisted and older woman and eventually took over the directorship of the Presbyterian Mission home of San Francisco. She was famous for rescuing young Chinese women held as white slaves. She became know as Lo Mo “the mother”. White slave traders called her Fahn Quai (“White Devil”). She established a strong relationship with the police. She investigated any suspicious situation that she believed was white slavery. Then she would ask the police to help get rid of debt and captivity. EP |
|
|
Term
| Maimie Pinzer - Engendering Progressive REform |
|
Definition
| prostitute who was skeptical of reformers but had a good relationship with one named- Fanny Howe Her relationship with Mark De Wolfe Howe was like lady and the prostitute. EP Maimie distrusted reformers’ capacity to understand her daily reality. [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Harriet Laidlaw - Engendering Progressive REform |
|
Definition
| gave financial and social support to women reformists, advocated the entry of women into electoral politics into to promote social change that would benefit women. prominent suffragette in Chinatown, publicized Livingston’s antagonistic relationship with the mayor and the police. Livingston took on a submissive role with her benefactors, mother-daughter, superior-inferior relationship. |
|
|
Term
| Newport investigation (1919) - Sexuality and Citizenship |
|
Definition
| The naval academy in Newport sent out enlisted men to search for and then have sex with homosexuals in order to bring them to trial. It became a controversy when an episcopal minister was accused of soliciting homosexual intercourse. An investigation then happened which was found to be inadequate so another investigation happened which then condemned the navy’s highest officers.(jc) ignited controversy when authorities decided to prosecute men not normally labelled as queer, ultimately forced navy and its opponents to define more precisely what homosexual acts are and to defend the basis upon which they categorizes people participating in such acts. had a multiplicity of sexual identities, acts, and needed to define boundaries. key issues: homosociality versus homosexuality, ramifications for beyond the navy, Christian brotherhood under suspicion. [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Invert - Sexuality and Citizenship |
|
Definition
| Men who sharply differentiated themselves from other men, labeling themselves as “queer” were those who assumed the sexual and other cultural roles ascribed to women; they were termed inverts because they not only expressed homosexual desire but inverted or reversed their gender role. Any effeminate gender behavior in men could label them inverts.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| “trade” - Sexuality and Citizenship |
|
Definition
| Normally referred to a straight identified men who played the “ masculine” role in sexual encounters solicited by queers. A man was a trade if he would stand to have a queer fool around with him in any manner.(jc) boundary separating trade from the rest of the men was easy to cross. almost all straight sailors agreed that effeminate men should be labelled queer, but disagreed on how to label straight men who accepted a queer’s advances. [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Home Teacher Act - Sexuality and Citizenship |
|
Definition
| allowed school districts to employ teachers to work in the homes of pupils instructing children and adults in matters relating to school attendance, in sanitation, in the English language, in household duties, and in the fundamental principles of the American system of government and the rights and duties of citizenship. The home teacher became the centerpiece around which Americanization efforts aimed at the Mexican family were concentrated.(jc) focused on Mexican immigrant women, so rest of her family would follow suit. motherhood was the role for which the Mexican immigrant woman was most valued [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Companionate marriage - Sex and Gender in the 1920s: New Women and New Men |
|
Definition
| husband and wife should be more emotionally devoted and connected, than before. Democratic relationship that called for emotional and sexual satisfaction of both partners(jc) friendship, partnership, compatibility, team approach as opposed to more romantic idea, fewer kids and more time together, more democratic. deromanticization and infusion of reality, but not desexualization. greater access to birth control, sexual education. [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Fatherhood movement - Sex and Gender in the 1920s: New Women and New Men |
|
Definition
| it is far more needful for children that a father should attend to the formation of their character and habits, and end in developing their social, intellectual and moral nature, that is that he should earn money to furnish them with handsome clothes and a variety of tempting food. Both men and women should be concerned with the household affairs, and not just women.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Masculine domesticity - Sex and Gender in the 1920s: New Women and New Men |
|
Definition
| would help out wife with some chores, would help raise children, would have increased responsibility in day-to-day tasks of raising the children (jc) |
|
|
Term
| G. Stanley Hall - Sex and Gender in the 1920s: New Women and New Men |
|
Definition
| argued that little boys who desired not to fight other little boy should be considered nonentities and were unnatural—argued for in book called adolescence. Advocated against coeducation of boys and girls, said women we more primitive whereas man is more modern and adaptable, thought coeducation would lead to effeminate men that would be unprepared for a mans world, wanted to restructure education in order to make men more manly and women womanly(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Boy Scouts of America - Sex and Gender in the 1920s: New Women and New Men |
|
Definition
| developed to rescue boys from their mothers and return them to their masculine ideal, stressed a kind of obedient masculine patriotism, seeking to create strong men who were strong workers, yoked the development of manhood to a nostalgic recreation of the frontier, partly through the evocation of Indian legend and lore and partly through the white man's conquest(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Muscular Christianity - Sex and Gender in the 1920s: New Women and New Men |
|
Definition
| a rigorous movement designed to bring manliness in its various manifestations to the church. The goal of the MC movement was re-virilize the image of Jesus and thus re-masculinize the church, a common strategy was to compare Jesus to the first heroic artisan- a working man(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Rev. Billy Sunday - Sex and Gender in the 1920s: New Women and New Men |
|
Definition
| evangelist whose mission was the complete transformation of feminized religion, to strike a death blow at the idea that being a Christian takes a man out of the busy whirl of the world’s life and activity and makes him a spineless effeminate proposition(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Men and Religion Forward Movement (1911-1912) - Sex and Gender in the 1920s: New Women and New Men |
|
Definition
| church based spinoff that sought to bring into protestant denominations the virile ardor that Sunday inspired in his rural tent sermons to the men in well established churches(jc) |
|
|
Term
| “New Man” - Sex and Gender in the 1920s: New Women and New Men |
|
Definition
| The image of the “New Man” is fuzzy due to the state of historical scholarship on this subject. However, it can be inferred that the “New Man” was sexually dominant and occasionally helped with minor household chores. (TB) not well-articulated, secondary figure to New Woman. don’t have much on men’s thoughts/feelings. bumbler, poor worm; seemed emotionally and sexually confused. [ma] |
|
|
Term
| “New Woman” - Sex and Gender in the 1920s: New Women and New Men |
|
Definition
| single, highly educated, economically autonomous, fought for professional visibility, espoused innovative often radical economic and social reforms and wielded real political power, challenged pre existing gender relations, and distribution of power, insisted to have their own sexual and social legitimacy.(jc) upper class, freer in choosing partner sexual and political power, modern, likely to be married and have kids but not necessarily. rejected cult of true womanhood in ways her mother never did [ma] |
|
|
Term
| plastic sexuality - Sex and Gender in the 1920s: New Women and New Men |
|
Definition
| the breaking down of controls around male sexuality exposed its compulsive character which resulted in the creation of an emotional abyss between the sexes, implies a sexuality that had been unleashed from the constraints imposed by sex’s connection to reproduction.(jc) seemed artificial because of remoteness from perceived traditional and familiar morality. (reader 175) a sexuality divorced from higher emotions that reduced love to the level of physical mechanics; lust could be satisfied, but love became elusive (reader183) [ma] |
|
|
Term
| androgyne - Sex and Gender in the 1920s: New Women and New Men |
|
Definition
| a being of ambiguous sexual identity; one that combines major aspects of both the male and the female (mg) |
|
|
Term
| M. Carey Thomas - Sex and Gender in the 1920s: New Women and New Men |
|
Definition
| angry new women who had ambivalent attitude towards mother, wanted to attend college and did, advocated women in intellectual pursuits, went to cornell university (member of first class of women), college was a way to draw young women from domesticated mindset(jc) youthful idealism, intellectual ambition, ambivalent attitude toward her mother. male students resented female students, Thomas described costs of coeducation: harassment, inferior education, socially questionable because liminal figures. [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Mary Putnam Jacobi - Sex and Gender in the 1920s: New Women and New Men |
|
Definition
| female physician that refuted men’s claim that menstruation was a female disease(jc) |
|
|
Term
| “Mannish Lesbian” - Sex and Gender in the 1920s: New Women and New Men |
|
Definition
| violated normal gender categories, they fused male with the female(jc) british and american physicians and scientists insisted that unmarried career women and political activists constituted an “intermediate sex.” violated normal gender categories, fused the female and the male, were mannish lesbians: embodiment of social disorder [ma] (reader 209) |
|
|
Term
| Richard von Krafft-Ebing - Sex and Gender in the 1920s: New Women and New Men |
|
Definition
| leading spokesman for sexology, he defined the term as the study of abnormal and perverse sexual practices, which did not involve a primary interest in reproductive intercourse and ranged from fetishes to phobias, sadomasochism to bestiality, among the most perverse was homosexuality (described as organic disease, not moral failing), tried to give a biological explanation of homosexuality with his book psychopathia sexualis consisted in elaborate case studies that traced the genetic origins of homosexuality(jc) by affirming biological basis of homosexuality, legitimized the sexologists’ claim to be new men of science. began to alter discourse by including lesbianism, didn’t focus on their sexual behavior but on social behavior and physical appearance. linked lesbianism to rejection of conventional female roles, cross-dressing, and masculine physiological traits. social perversion preceded and signaled onset of sexual perversion. (reader 211) created mannish lesbian, male soul trapped in female body (reader 220) [ma] |
|
|
Term
| Uranism - Sex and Gender in the 1920s: New Women and New Men |
|
Definition
| Rare word for homosexuality (TB) according to Krafft-Ebing, “uranism may always be suspected in females wearing their hair short, or who dress in the fashion of men...” linked lesbianism to social perversion [ma] (reader 212) |
|
|
Term
| Havelock Ellis - Sex and Gender in the 1920s: New Women and New Men |
|
Definition
| sexologist who said male and female germs became distorted and confused, directly broke into this female world of love and intimacy defining it as both actively sexual and as sexually perverted, insisted conventional medical approaches failed to recognize the complexity of human sexuality as a physiological and sociological phenomenon, argued against crude biological determinism, was a liberal defender of sexual nonconformity, defended homosexuals from political and legal attack and insisted that homosexuals had made important contributions to their society, argued for the inversion theory in regards to homosexuality, ironic that his theory was taken by conservatives to argue against homosexuality when he himself was a liberal activist(jc) (reader 214) |
|
|
Term
| Radclyffe Hall - Sex and Gender in the 1920s: New Women and New Men |
|
Definition
| classic mannish lesbian(jc) wrote the well of loneliness, novel with overt lesbian themes, presents lesbian as natural and makes plea for tolerance. U.S. allowed publication after long court battle [ma - from wiki] |
|
|
Term
| Djuna Barnes - Sex and Gender in the 1920s: New Women and New Men |
|
Definition
| wrote book night wood that is filled tricksters, nightwood condemned conventional order ,speaks eloquently to the experience of marginality and of deviance. Her novel Nightwood became a cult work of modern fiction, helped by an introduction by T. S. Eliot. It stands out today for its portrayal of lesbian themes and its distinctive writing style. As aroman à clef, the novel features a thinly veiled portrait of Barnes in the character of Nora Flood, whereas Nora’s lover Robin Vote is a composite of Thelma Wood and the Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven.[1] Since Barnes' death, interest in her work has grown and many of her books are back in print.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Gibson Girl - (Hetero)sexual Conventions and "Deviant" Sexualization |
|
Definition
The Gibson Girl was the personification of the feminine ideal of beauty portrayed by the satirical pen-and-ink illustrations of illustrator Charles Dana Gibson during a 20-year period that spanned the late nineteenth and early twentieth century in the United States.
Some people argue that the Gibson Girl was the first national beauty standard for American women. Gibson's fictional images of her published in newspapers and magazines during the Belle Époque were extremely popular.[1] Merchandise bearing her image included saucers, ashtrays, tablecloths, pillow covers, chair covers, souvenir spoons, screens, fans, umbrella stands.[2] The artist saw his creation as representing the composite of "thousands of American girls. The Gibson Girl was tall and slender, yet with ample bosom, hips and bottom. She had an exaggerated S-curve torso shape achieved by wearing a swan-bill corset.
In addition to the Gibson Girl's refined beauty, in spirit, she was calm, independent, confident, and sought personal fulfillment. (She could be depicted attending college and vying for a good mate, but she would never have participated in the suffrage movement.)(jc)
- popular version of the New Women that sanctioned and undermined women’s desires for progressive sociopolitical change and personal freedom. portrayed women who engaged in politics as humorless, severe, portly, but by presenting women as interacting with men in an unchaperoned environment or as engaging in physical activity, promoted a measure of women’s personal independence and sexual freedom (reader 237) [ma] |
|
|
Term
| flapper - (Hetero)sexual Conventions and "Deviant" Sexualization |
|
Definition
| Boyish, takes advantage of new freedoms (TB) moving out of New Womanhood. lighthearted, charming, attractive, plays with the boys, rebellious. takes advantage of new freedoms (dress, hair, sexuality, dancing). managed to hold on to some innocence to not threaten men’s domain. highly experienced but innocent. in opposition to the Mannish Lesbian [ma] |
|
|
Term
| New Negro Woman - (Hetero)sexual Conventions and "Deviant" Sexualization |
|
Definition
| increased power/status in society and some opportunities for education but main role as child rearer and supporter of men/husband (EK) women to propagate strong race, help black men be men after centuries of slavery. According to Tayleur, the negro is the Frankenstein product of civilization, to be pitied, unaccomplished and childish, needs the help of white women[ma |
|
|
Term
| William Lee Howard: M.D. - (Hetero)sexual Conventions and "Deviant" Sexualization |
|
Definition
| wrote article “Effeminate Men and Masculine Women.” physiological, moral traits can be increased/decreased through education, training, example. unfortunate children of unstable parents: masculine female is amusing and often pitiable, but becomes a serious threat when she becomes a mother: menace to civilization. effeminate male is way worse. blame parents, child born to new woman is to be pitied, a disgusting effeminate male. degenerates breed perverts. (reader 244) [ma] |
|
|
Term
| myth of Victorian repression - (Hetero)sexual Conventions and "Deviant" Sexualization |
|
Definition
| described and condemned old patterns of sexual behavior and shape new ones by proclaiming the existence and legitimacy of female sexual desire, the new morality undermined the victorian sexual code and encouraged some woman's sexual assertiveness(jc) represented a cultural adjustment of male power to women’s departure from the Victorian order. (reader 254) informalization of courtship wasn’t a good thing, according to White. dating, companionate marriage, emphasis on sex led to lust at the expense of romantic love. White argues that people in the Victorian era were simply saving the best for last, had romantic love, weren’t repressed. now focus on instant gratification, amusements [ma] |
|
|
Term
| sexual revisionists - (Hetero)sexual Conventions and "Deviant" Sexualization |
|
Definition
| proclaimed a modernist liberation from a repressive Victorian past [ma] (reader 253) |
|
|
Term
| Judge Ben Lindsey - (Hetero)sexual Conventions and "Deviant" Sexualization |
|
Definition
| was an American judge and social reformer based in Denver, Colorado during the Progressive Era. In early 1927, Judge Lindsey co-wrote a controversial book about what he called "companionate marriage," in which he suggested that young men and women should be able to live together in a trial marriage, where the couple could have a year to assess whether or not they were compatible. The only caveat was they had to agree not to have children. If after a year, the couple decided to stay together, it could do so, but if the relationship was not working out, it would be able to dissolve the relationship easily. Also, if they decided they were compatible and did want children, they could change the status of their relationship to a traditionally understood marriage ("Lindsey Urges Marriage For Companionship." Chicago Tribune, 12 January 1927, p. 3).(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Lorine Pruette - (Hetero)sexual Conventions and "Deviant" Sexualization |
|
Definition
Lorine Livingston Pruette, psychologist, writer and lecturer, was born November 3, 1896, in Millersburg, Tennessee, the daughter of Oscar Davis and Eula (Miller) Pruette. She grew up in Chattanooga and attended Chattanooga High School, graduating in 1915. She received a B.S. degree from the University of Chattanooga (1918), an M.A. from Clark University (1920), and a Ph.D. from Columbia University (1924), with a dissertation entitled Women and Leisure, A Study of Social Waste.
An early feminist, as seen in her writing, LLP kept her maiden name after her marriage to Douglas Fryer in 1920. LLP and Fryer collaborated on several studies and articles before their divorce in 1932.
Before and after graduation from Columbia University LLP taught sociology and psychology at various schools, including Smith College (1922-1923), University of Utah (1923-1924), and New York University (1926-1927), and was a research psychologist at R. H. Macy and Company (1925-1926) and consulting psychologist for the Graduate School of New York University (1928-1933).
LLP then held editorial positions with the American Woman's Association (1934-1935), the Commission on Human Relations, Progressive Education Association (1936-1940), National Bureau for Economic Research (1941-1943), and the Office of War Information (1943-1944). She joined the staff of New York Medical College in 1954, but most of her counselling was done in private practice, both in New York City and in Tennessee.
LLP died in 1977.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Floyd Dell - (Hetero)sexual Conventions and "Deviant" Sexualization |
|
Definition
| (June 28, 1887 – July 23, 1969) was an American novelist, playwright, poet and literary critic. mention in reader: “Floyd Dell and Margaret Sanger, Radical before World War 1 in their critique of Victorian morality, turned in the 1920s to the pursuit of happiness within a reformed marriage.” (reader 255) “Dell proclaimed grandly that the destruction of the patriarchal family ‘has laid the basis for a more biologically normal family life than has existed throughout the whole of the historical period.’ Thus nineteenth-century American culture appeared as a historical aberration that violated fundamental human nature.” (reader 255) “The older woman who upheld Victorian values fared worse. Sexual commentators frequently used the image of the prudish Victorian matriarch, a woman who had the power but not the tenderness of the nine-teenth century mother, yet demanded the customary deference from men for the sacrifices she made as a woman. In the novel Love Without Money Dell describes one such mother as ‘a natural-born policewoman.’ This woman, former suffragist, finds even the mention of marriage unpleasant because it raises the topic of sex.”(reader 256). (DF) |
|
|
Term
| Margaret Sanger - (Hetero)sexual Conventions and "Deviant" Sexualization |
|
Definition
| Margaret Higgins Sanger (September 14, 1879 – September 6, 1966) was an American birth control activist, sex educator, and nurse. Sanger coined the term birth control, opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established Planned Parenthood. Sanger's efforts contributed to the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case which legalized contraception in the United States. Sanger is a frequent target of criticism by opponents of birth control and has also been criticized for supporting eugenics, but remains an iconic figure in the American reproductive rights movement.Sanger's early years were spent in New York City. In 1914, prompted by suffering she witnessed due to frequent pregnancies and self-induced abortions, she started a monthly newsletter, The Woman Rebel. Sanger's activism was influenced by the conditions of her youth—her mother had 18 pregnancies in 22 years, and died at age 50 of tuberculosis and cervical cancer.In 1916, Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, which led to her arrest for distributing information on contraception. Her subsequent trial and appeal generated enormous support for her cause. Sanger felt that in order for women to have a more equal footing in society and to lead healthier lives, they needed to be able to determine when to bear children. She also wanted to prevent back-alley abortions, which were dangerous and usually illegal at that time.In 1921, Sanger founded the American Birth Control League, which later became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. In New York, Sanger organized the first birth control clinic staffed by all-female doctors, as well as a clinic in Harlem with an entirely African-American staff. In 1929, she formed the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control, which served as the focal point of her lobbying efforts to legalize contraception in the United States. From 1952 to 1959, Sanger served as president of the International Planned Parenthood Federation. She died in 1966, and is widely regarded as a founder of the modern birth control movement.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| wayward minor laws - (Hetero)sexual Conventions and "Deviant" Sexualization |
|
Definition
| In 1923, in an outburst of moral fervor, the New York state legislature decided that incarceration was the proper treatment for any youth between 16 and 21 who "is willfully disobedient or deserts his home, and is morally depraved or in danger of becoming morally depraved." That Wayward Minor statute—paralleled by similar laws in most other states—allowed thousands of youngsters who had never committed any crime to be imprisoned along with hardened criminals.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Frances Kellor - (Hetero)sexual Conventions and "Deviant" Sexualization |
|
Definition
| Frances Alice Kellor (October 20, 1873 – January 4, 1952) was an American social reformer and investigator, who specialized in the study of immigrants to the United States and women. Frances Alice Kellor was born October 20, 1873 in Columbus, Ohio. She grew up in Ohio and then in Michigan. She received her law degree in 1897 from Cornell Law School, joining the small group of women professionals, and studied at the University of Chicago and at the New York Summer School of Philanthropy. She believed that if the people listened to the poor living in the most diminishing areas, there could be great change in society for the better. Kellor, a progressive, thought that environment was principal the cause of crime.She was secretary and treasurer of the New York State Immigration Commission in 1909 and chief investigator for the Bureau of Industries and Immigration of New York State in 1910-13. She became managing director of the North American Civic League for Immigrants and a member of the Progressive National Committee.She directed the National Americanization Committee (NAC), the most important private organization promoting Americanization during World War I. Speaking for the NAC in 1916, proposed to combine efficiency and patriotism in her Americanization programs. It would be more efficient, she argued, once the factory workers could all understand English and therefore better understand orders and avoid accidents. Once Americanized, they would grasp American industrial ideals and be open to American influences and not subject only to strike agitators or foreign propagandists. The result, she argued would transform indifferent and ignorant residents into understanding voters, to make their homes into American homes, and to establish American standards of living throughout the ethnic communities. Ultimately, she argued it would "unite foreign-born and native alike in enthusiastic loyalty to our national ideals of liberty and justice.[1](jc) |
|
|
Term
| National League for the Protection of Colored Women - (Hetero)sexual Conventions and "Deviant" Sexualization |
|
Definition
| Founded by Frances Kellor and S. W. Layten in 1906, the National League for the Protection of Colored Women concerned itself with the predicament of women in domestic labor in northern cities. - Black women in the North also worked to provide services for black women recently arrived from the South. The National League for the Protection of Colored Women, which later merged with other organizations to form the National Urban League, and “colored chapters” of the YWCA offered services to female migrants.(EK) |
|
|
Term
| free love - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| Free love is a social movement that rejects marriage, which is seen as a form of social bondage. The Free Love movement’s initial goal was to separate the state from sexual matters such as marriage, birth control, and adultery. It claimed that such issues were the concern of the people involved, and no one else.[1](jc) |
|
|
Term
| Wainwright Evans - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| wrote the Companionate Marriage with Ben Lindsey(EK) |
|
|
Term
| William Manning - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| upheld traditional marriage, said divorce should not happen in any circumstance, advocated for stricter divorce laws to protect marriage, viewed companionate morals as an attack on his morals(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Ernest Groves - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| founder of marriage education and counseling movement, wrote entire book refuting companionate marriage(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Paul Popenoe - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| rejected companionate marriage in favor of marriage education and counseling, eugenicist, higher education for women distracted them from the procreative responsibilities(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Federal Council of Churches of Christ (FCC) - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| warned against companionate marriage because the ideal over emphasized sexual satisfaction to marital success.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Racialism - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| the belief in the existence and significance of racial categories, and social and cultural differences among races. The important point for racialist was not that biology determined culture but that race understood as an indivisible essence that included not only biology but also culture morality and intelligence was a compellingly significant factor in history and society(jc) |
|
|
Term
| miscegenation laws - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| were laws that enforced racial segregation at the level of marriage and intimate relationships bycriminalizing interracial marriage and sometimes also sex between members of different races. Such laws were first introduced in North America from the late seventeenth century onwards by several of the Thirteen Colonies, and subsequently by many US states and US territories and remained in force in many US states until 1967. After the Second World War, an increasing number of states repealed their anti-miscegenation laws. In 1967, in Loving v. Virginia, the remaining anti-miscegenation laws were held to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States. Similar laws were also enforced in Nazi Germany as part of theNuremberg laws, and in South Africa as part of the system of Apartheid. In the United States, interracial marriage, cohabitation and sex have been termed "miscegenation" since the term was coined in 1863. Contemporary usage of the term is less frequent, except to refer to historical laws banning the practice.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Kirby v. Kirby (1922) - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| court case where man wanted to divorce his wife on the basis that she was black. He won.(jc); shows that most American don't know race when they see it; the term race is hard to define for many (mg) |
|
|
Term
| Estate of Monks (1941) - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| two separate women want the fortune of allan monks. Marie monks lost the case and as a result had the will revoked, and could not marry for life. Lost case based on the fact she was 1/8 negro and second because of fraud because she claimed she was french(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Perez v. Lippold (1948) - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| In this proceeding in mandamus, petitioners seek to compel the county clerk of Los Angeles County to issue them a certificate of registry (Civ.Code, sec. 69a) and a **18 license to marry. (Civ.Code, sec. 69.) In the application for a license, petitioner Andrea Perez states that she is a white person and petitioner Sylvester Davis that he is a Negro. Respondent refuses to issue the certificate and license, invoking Civil Code section 69, which provides: '* * * no license may be issued authorizing the marriage of a white person with a Negro, mulatto, Mongolian or member of the Malay race.' This case made miscegenation law unconstitutional in califirnia on the basis that race was indeterminate(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Loving v. Virginia (1967) - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967),[1] was a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court, in a unanimous decision, declared Virginia's anti-miscegenation statute, the "Racial Integrity Act of 1924", unconstitutional, thereby overturning Pace v. Alabama (1883) and ending all race-based legal restrictions on marriage in the United States.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Franz Boas - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
leading culturalist,(jc) Cultural anthropologist. When modern social science emerges, racism runs out of intellectual steam.
· “it is not possible to assign with certainty any one individual to a definite group.” EP |
|
|
Term
| Culturalists - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
human difference and human history was best explained by culture, challenged scientific based racial paradigms, one that emphasizes the importance of culture in determining behavior(jc)
They interpreted character morality, and social organizations cultural, rather than racial, phenomena and they were determined to explore, name, and claim the field of cultural analysis for social scientists, particularly cultural anthropologist, sociologists, and social psychologists.
Arguments contradicted each other:
o The key notion of racialism-race-made no biological sense.
o Race was merely biology (EP) |
|
|
Term
| home slacker - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| husbands, wage earners who failed to support their families, gave rise to new forms of social regulation(jc) |
|
|
Term
| “two tracks” - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| thesis is that social insurance for workingmen and public assistance for single mothers emerged in tandem with a third policy track: the criminalization, regulation and punishment of able bodied breadwinners who failed to support their families(jc) |
|
|
Term
| workmen’s compensation - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| is a form of insurance providing wage replacement and medical benefits to employees injured in the course of employment in exchange for mandatory relinquishment of the employee's right to sue his or her employer for the tort of negligence. The tradeoff between assured, limited coverage and lack of recourse outside the worker compensation system is known as "the compensation bargain."(jc) |
|
|
Term
| mother’s pensions - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| Proponents of the original plan for mothers' pensions (also referred to as mothers' aid) intended to provide a universal subsidy to families with dependent children but without an adult male income. Using the model of military pensions, they argued that a mother deserved a government pension in exchange for her service to the state through child rearing. Child welfare reformers, women's clubs, and juvenile court judges supported pensions as a vast improvement over existing options that sent families to the poorhouse, forced mothers to give up their children, or turned children into wage earners.The Illinois state legislature passed the first statewide mothers' pension law in the United States in 1911. Only Kansas City and a few private charities scattered across the country had previously tried similar plans. The law did not mandate counties to implement mothers' pensions, but it legitimated the use of public funds for this purpose. Cook County's program became the largest and best-developed program in the state, as well as an important test case for other states to study.The Cook County Juvenile Court administered the mothers' pension program and established its guidelines for operation. Early in its history, the administrators insisted that able-bodied mothers had to work for wages to qualify for a pension. Over half of all mothers who received a pension also worked for wages, thus defeating the program's original goal.Limited local revenues in the early years of the Great Depression led to the decline of mothers' pensions, but they reappeared as the prototype for the Social Security Act's Aid to Dependent Children program.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| family wage - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| is a wage that is sufficient to raise a family. This contrasts with a living wage, which is generally taken to mean a wage sufficient for a single individual to live on, but not necessarily sufficient to also support a family. As a stronger form of living wage, a family wage is likewise advocated by proponents of social justice.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| common law equity (law) - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| Common law, also known as case law or precedent, is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals, as opposed to statutes adopted through the legislative process or regulations issued by the executive branch(EK) |
|
|
Term
| necessaries suits - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| Men were responsible for providing their wives necessities. Be able to take of the women, and keep the women off of the public offers.(EP) |
|
|
Term
| separate maintenance suits - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| A suit for separate maintenance is similar to one for divorce in that both provide for child custody, support, and, when applicable, alimony and division of property. Legally, it differs significantly from divorce in that divorce terminates the entire relationship between the parties whereas separate maintenance merely defines their respective obligations.(EK) |
|
|
Term
| domestic relations courts - Constituting the Modern Family |
|
Definition
| In certain U.S. states, a court with jurisdiction over family disputes, especially those involving the custody, support, and welfare of children(EK) |
|
|
Term
| Muller v. Oregon (1908) - Gender in the Work Force |
|
Definition
| was a landmark decision in United States Supreme Court history, as it justifies both sex discrimination and usage of labor laws during the time period. The case upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health. The ruling had important implications for protective labor legislation (mg) |
|
|
Term
| protective labor legislation - Gender in the Work Force |
|
Definition
| were enacted to protect women from certain hazards or difficulties of paid work. These laws had the effect of reducing the employment available to women, saving it for men. These were enacted in many U.S. jurisdictions and some were in effect until the mid or late 20th century. The landmark case Muller v. Oregon set a precedent to use sex differences as a basis for separate legislation (mg) |
|
|
Term
| Dorothy Richardson - Gender in the Work Force |
|
Definition
| author of The Long Day about the exploitation of women workers, especially by their bosses [reader 405] (LP) |
|
|
Term
| Working Women’s Society - Gender in the Work Force |
|
Definition
| was the forerunner for the WTUL and one of its main aims was to protect working women from unwanted sexual advances. These groups were politicized through collective experience and the formation of groups [reader 406] (LP) |
|
|
Term
| Rose Schneiderman - Gender in the Work Force |
|
Definition
| Tried to use unions to fight sexual harassment in the workplace; as opposed to other people who promoted the idea of educating the women in the workplace [reader 409] (LP) |
|
|
Term
| Macy’s investigation (1913) - Gender in the Work Force |
|
Definition
| The Macy’s investigation was the product of broad social alarm and debate around perceived links between workingwomen’s virtue and their wages and working conditions. The contention reflected anxiety about the impact of women’s paid labor on the division of labor and resources within and outside of patriarchal families and about linked shifts in sexual ideas and practices. The unease manifested in contradictory extremes, through the sexualization of women and their workplace vulnerability, on the one hand, and the fear that women’s work desexualized them, on the other(EK) |
|
|
Term
| moral panic - Gender in the Work Force |
|
Definition
| a mixture of social anxiety, debate, and mobilization that created the negative ideas surrounding female employment [reader 415] (LP) |
|
|
Term
| George Kneeland - Gender in the Work Force |
|
Definition
| Chicago Vice Commission’s chief investigator during the Macy’s investigation of 1913’ published Commercialized Prostitution in New York, which noted that employers were partially responsible for the supply of girls and that they take advantage of the girls [reader 418-9] (LP) |
|
|
Term
| Committee of Fourteen - Gender in the Work Force |
|
Definition
| The Committee of Fourteen was founded on January 16, 1905 by members of the New York Anti-Saloon League as an association dedicated to the abolition of Raines law hotels (mg) |
|
|
Term
| Frederick Winslow Taylor - Gender in the Work Force |
|
Definition
| an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency.[1] He is regarded as the father of scientific management and was one of the first management consultants.[2] Taylor was one of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement and his ideas, broadly conceived, were highly influential in the Progressive Era.(EK) |
|
|
Term
| Social Darwinism - Gender in the Work Force |
|
Definition
is an ideology of society that seeks to apply biological concepts of Darwinism or of evolutionary theory to sociology and politics, often with the assumption that conflict between groups in society leads to social progress as superior groups outcompete inferior ones (mg) This justified the exclusion of other races and women.
· After the publication of Darwin’s “Origin of the species” people began to apply the theories of natural selection and survival of the fittest to human societies. This explained social inequality as evidence of natural superiority(EP) |
|
|
Term
| Orison Swett Marden - Gender in the Work Force |
|
Definition
| author of the successful book Pushing to the Front (1894) advising men to focus on industriousness, thrift, and their Protestant virtue, rather than trying to solely gain wealth. He wanted to improve mens feelings of self- worth by highlighting their successes in their fields, for example, being the best chimney sweep possible. He thought the best way to stand out was to fit in and do good, honest work. [Kimmel, 76] (LP). |
|
|
Term
| The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905/1930) - Gender in the Work Force |
|
Definition
| Written by Max Weber, a German economist and sociologist in 1902. He wrote about the social anxiety and masculine insecurity that resulted from the “frantic struggle” for wealth and the idea that the perversion of the Protestant work ethic had promoted the continuous growth of wealth even if it sacrificed happiness in life [Kimmel 77] (LP) |
|
|
Term
| The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) - Gender in the Work Force |
|
Definition
| written by Thorstein Veblen about the shift from the “realm of production to the realm of consumption”. He stated that men used conspicuous consumption as a way to prove their manhood and that american manhood needed a return to old republican, artisanal values and hard work [Kimmel 80] (LP) |
|
|
Term
| Terrence Powderly - Gender in the Work Force |
|
Definition
| Terence V. Powderly is most remembered for leading the Knights of Labor, a union whose goal was to organize all workers, skilled and unskilled(EK) |
|
|
Term
| Populism - Gender in the Work Force |
|
Definition
| “a broad-based agrarian resistance rural proletarianization” it was built around the farmers of the country and they produced locally based cooperatives to set grain and crop prices and to try and place the focus of the country back on an honest farming life [Kimmel 80] (LP) |
|
|
Term
| William Jennings Bryan - Gender in the Work Force |
|
Definition
| was a leading American politician from the 1890s until his death. He was a dominant force in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, standing three times as its candidate for President of the United States After 1920 he was a strong supporter of Prohibition and energetically attacked Darwinism and evolution, most famously at the Scopes Trial in 1925(EK) |
|
|
Term
| Lester Ward - Gender in the Work Force |
|
Definition
He expounded the theory called “gynecocracy”, claiming that the female sex was both the primary and the original sex in evolutionary development.
· Woman is the unchanging trunk of the great genealogic tree.
· He argued that the state should regulate family and marriage to ensure equality between women and men and that sexual relationships should be free of all political, social, and moral encumbrances.
· Sexism, not biology, held women back (EP) |
|
|
Term
| Greenwich Village radicals - Gender in the Work Force |
|
Definition
They developed a new vision of masculinity that in many ways set the stage for the new century.
· They saw their potential to liberate men as their importance to liberate women.(EP) Men’s League for Woman Suffrage- The Men's League for Women's Suffrage was a society formed in 1907 by the left-wing writers Henry Brailsford, Max Eastman, Laurence Housman, Henry Nevinson and others to pursue women's suffrage (mg) |
|
|
Term
| Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) - The Great Depression and the Emergence of the Welfare State |
|
Definition
| changed to “Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) in 1962; public-assistance program, often seen with hostility from both the receipts and “by the prosperous”; Linda Gordon states that it doesn’t help mother and their children out of poverty; allowed states to pass individual criteria for eligibility; (A.Sanchez) |
|
|
Term
| General Relief - The Great Depression and the Emergence of the Welfare State |
|
Definition
| I remember seeing this term only mentioned alongside welfare. I’m not entirely certain but I will be using the words as if they’re meant to be synonymous. (as) |
|
|
Term
| Social Security Act of 1935 - The Great Depression and the Emergence of the Welfare State |
|
Definition
| Came into being because people lost wealth and savings. Needed to create a safety net to combat the possibility of the hardships that come along with depression-levels of unemployment. It was the founding document of welfare. (TB) |
|
|
Term
| United States Children’s Bureau - The Great Depression and the Emergence of the Welfare State |
|
Definition
| We optimistic in the late 1930s that New Deal programs would eliminate the role poverty played in separating children from their families; viewed down upon states that provided government aid to subsidize private agencies that placed children in foster homes because the Bureau reflected belief that “public monies should be administered by public entities” (A.Sanchez) |
|
|
Term
| foster care - The Great Depression and the Emergence of the Welfare State |
|
Definition
| a method for placing children whose parents cannot care for them properly either due to financial troubles or familial problems into better homes with non-biological foster parents who can care for them economic need alone did not determine whether a child can get foster care but other factors such as gender race and desrvingness influenced this decision [ps[ |
|
|
Term
| board payments - The Great Depression and the Emergence of the Welfare State |
|
Definition
| payments made by an agency to foster parents to cover some of the cost of providing for children (these payments were really small due to lack of funds) ; Public Assistance Amendments of 1962 made federal money available for board payments (payments linked to eligibility for ADC) (A.Sanchez) |
|
|
Term
| “pathological” families - The Great Depression and the Emergence of the Welfare State |
|
Definition
| The dysfunctional families that are often characterized by drinking, fighting, and other disorderly conduct inside the home. There is that one example of the alcoholic parents with a dozen or so children who supposedly hopped from place to place to dodge rent. The specifics of the story are evading me right now. (as) |
|
|
Term
| Child Welfare League of America - The Great Depression and the Emergence of the Welfare State |
|
Definition
| (along with U.S. Children’s Bureau) main focus was children away from their homes; promoted “homemaker services,” casework services, and special services for disabled children; program mostly underdeveloped; in the late 1950s League noted that economic want/death no longer factors for children begin in foster care (A. Sanchez) |
|
|
Term
| The Woman Rebel - The Great Depression and the Emergence of the Welfare State |
|
Definition
| Margaret Sanger’s feminist newspaper that she used to publish accusations of “Comstockery” (A.Sanchez) |
|
|
Term
| National Birth Control League - The Great Depression and the Emergence of the Welfare State |
|
Definition
| It was founded in March 1915 by Mary Dennett, Clara Gruening Stillman and Jessie Ashley. Its main purpose was to overturn the laws which banned contraceptives from the U.S. mails. Campaigns were mounted in New York, but in 1919 the League was disbanded and reformed into the Voluntary Parenthood League.(EK) |
|
|
Term
| Voluntary Parenthood League - The Great Depression and the Emergence of the Welfare State |
|
Definition
| organization that advocated for contraception during the birth control movement in the United States. The VPL was founded in 1919 by Mary Dennett.[1] The VPL was a rival organization to Margaret Sanger's National Birth Control League. The VPL lobbied to change anti-contraception laws.[2] In 1925 the VPL merged with the American Birth Control League.(EK) |
|
|
Term
| American Birth Control League - The Great Depression and the Emergence of the Welfare State |
|
Definition
| The organization was founded by margaret sanger and promoted the founding of birth control clinics, primarily for the Black and Latino population, and encouraged women to control their own fertility(EK) |
|
|
Term
| Patriotute - Wartime Service |
|
Definition
| government coined term that emphasized the fine line women had to walk during ww2 between providing a patriotic “duty” of providing sexualized support for the military while at the same time not becming so promiscuous that they would be deemed a prostitute. (jc) |
|
|
Term
| May Act (1941) - Wartime Service |
|
Definition
| in order to combat venereal disease this legislation made it a federal offense to commit vice activities or prostitution near military bases.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Commission on Training Camp Activities (CTCA) - Wartime Service |
|
Definition
| a commission that was the predecessor for many ww2 policies and procedures use to suppress prostitution. Set up in ww1, can be viewed as partial model for the social protection division(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Social Protection Division (of the Office of Community War Services) - Wartime Service |
|
Definition
| setup to control the spread of venereal disease to servicemen by arresting a prosecuting prostitutes(jc) |
|
|
Term
| United Service Organizations (USO) - Wartime Service |
|
Definition
| provided support and entertainment to servicemen, what is important here in this article is this organization encouraged women to “serve” their country by giving sexual favors to servicemen(jc) |
|
|
Term
| War Manpower Commission (WMC) - Wartime Service |
|
Definition
| propaganda agency used to change the public's view on women in or to get women more involved in the war effort. Most specifically to help in production of the war machine. Tried to get women into the workplace, and ease discrimination against hiring women.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Office of War Information (OWI) - Wartime Service |
|
Definition
| propaganda agency used to change the public's view on women in or to get women more involved in the war effort. Most specifically to help in production of the war machine. Tried to get women into the workplace, and ease discrimination against hiring women.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Executive Order 8802 - Wartime Service |
|
Definition
| order of fair employment practices commission which outlawed discrimination in the defense sector, discrimination though was still prevalent, with quotas and less pay for African americans(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Bureau of Campaigns - Wartime Service |
|
Definition
| ran the massive campaigns to recruit women for the war effort by way of which the wmc omi.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Magazine Bureau (of the OWI) - Wartime Service |
|
Definition
| distributed the usual female recruitment themes by glamorizing war work and stressing women’s capacities for jobs that were traditionally ascribed to men.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| War Advertising Council - Wartime Service |
|
Definition
| had aggressive recruitment campaign in advertising to encourage people to join the war effort. Evolved in order to avoid taxes into a public information service which would help explain the war to the public. The council would function to transform government information into high powered propaganda designed to produce appropriate attitudes and behavior in the population, and therefore stimulate enlistment in the war effort, sell war bonds, and build morale. Soon developed into a strong link between government and the advertising industry.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| War Jobs for Women - Wartime Service |
|
Definition
| magazine that encouraged women to join war effort while emphasizing women’s traditional roles as mothers wives and sweethearts. It reminded magazine editors that war work was temporary and women’s participation was simply a stopgap measure. Focused on women’s patriotism and desire to help liberate men from work and never on female empowerment, personal fulfillment or independence.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Women in the War for the Final Push to Victory - Wartime Service |
|
Definition
| herein, the OWI furnished the media with information on why women were needed in production and civilian jobs. To combat women’s supposed resistance to war jobs, the OWI suggested that the media respond by comparing war work to domestic chores.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Home Front Pledge - Wartime Service |
|
Definition
| a way to encourage women who were wartime homemakers to fight the good fight by rationing, conserving food and preserving families health by way of nutrition. Women took the “home front pledge” to encourage these activities.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| victory gardens - Wartime Service |
|
Definition
| were garden’s that women planted to provide much needed food for the war effort and served as powerful symbols of wartime patriotism.(jc) |
|
|
Term
| Issei - The Home Front and Beyond |
|
Definition
| first generation Japanese Americans (immigrated to America) [M. Ahmad] |
|
|
Term
| Nisei - The Home Front and Beyond |
|
Definition
| second generation Japanese Americans (children of the Issei) [M. Ahmad] |
|
|
Term
| internment camp - The Home Front and Beyond |
|
Definition
| a high density area where Japanese people were exiled and forced to remain in poor conditions for extended periods of time following the pearl harbor attack, these internment camps were mostly spread over the west coast and japanese people were transported there from around the country [ps] |
|
|
Term
| enemy alien - The Home Front and Beyond |
|
Definition
| this term was used to describe enemies of the united states who were thought to be secret spies aiding the japanese effort. for this reason suspected enemy aliens who also happened to be Japanese were rounded up and sent to concentration camps. [ps] |
|
|
Term
| Executive Order 9066 - The Home Front and Beyond |
|
Definition
| On Feb. 19, 1942, President Roosevelt issued this order, authorizing the secretary of war and his military commanders to prescribe areas from which “any or all persons may be excluded.” The word “Japanese” was not in this order, but it was directed only at people of Japanese ancestry. [M. Ahmad] |
|
|
Term
| Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) - The Home Front and Beyond |
|
Definition
| led by a group of relatively young Nisei, filled the vacuum of leadership in Issei organizations when most Issei leaders had been interned. JACL leaders decided the only choice was to cooperate “under protest” with the government; felt that compromise with the government was impossible, but also did not want a strategy of total opposition that could potentially lead to bloodshed. [M. Ahmad] |
|
|
Term
| exclusion orders - The Home Front and Beyond |
|
Definition
| orders forbidding certain people from going to/remaining in certain areas. [M. Ahmad] |
|
|
Term
| Committee on American Principles and Fair Play - The Home Front and Beyond |
|
Definition
| One of the first committees formed when the evacuation took place; founded by Dr. Galen M. Fisher. Its purpose was “to support the principles enunciated in the Constitution of the United States...and to maintain unimpaired the liberties guaranteed in the Bill of Rights, particularly for persons of Oriental ancestry.” Its members realized that depriving one minority of its rights undermined the rights of the majority too, and set a dangerous precedent. [M. Ahmad] |
|
|
Term
| War Relocation Authority - The Home Front and Beyond |
|
Definition
| Agency formed on March 18, 1942 via Executive Order 9102 from FDR. Camps were created under this agency’s direction; the WRA was established to handle the internment, relocating Japanese Americans. [M. Ahmad] |
|
|
Term
| National Japanese American Student Relocation Council - The Home Front and Beyond |
|
Definition
| Groups merged together to assist students in leaving the “assembly centers” and getting them back into schools; was extremely helpful. [M. Ahmad] |
|
|
Term
| Sansei - The Home Front and Beyond |
|
Definition
| third generation Japanese Americans (grandchildren of the Issei) |
|
|
Term
| Korematsu v. United States (1944) - The Home Front and Beyond |
|
Definition
| The Supreme Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion of Japanese Americans into internment camps during WWII (regardless of their citizenship) was constitutional. (TB) |
|
|
Term
| “The Soft American” - Gender and the Culture of the Cold War |
|
Definition
John F. Kennedy wrote “the soft American” appeared in Sports Illustrated in 1960. He praised the Greeks conviction that physical excellence and athletic skill were among the prime foundations of a vigorous state. The intellectual ability could not be separated from physical well being. With this article he hoped to jump start the fitness program established by president Eisenhower.
· He noted that young American men have always been willing to fight for freedom but warned that the strength and stamina needed for battle did not come easily. His argument were meant for boys and girls but targeted boys (EP) |
|
|
Term
| President’s Council on Youth Fitness (Eisenhower)- Gender and the Culture of the Cold War |
|
Definition
A fitness program established by President Eisenhower continued by Kennedy. It was an effort to rescue manhood. (CDV)
· This program commended exercise and sports not only for containing youthful energy and allowing boys to express his aggressive tendencies but also for sublimating anti social tendencies and containing turbulent urges. (EP) |
|
|
Term
| Shane MacCarthy- Gender and the Culture of the Cold War |
|
Definition
director of the President’s Council on Youth Fitness, had served in the CIA. (CDV)
· He spoke of the evils of communism and promoted the fitness movement. He believed that technology and automation had become enemies of the body. (EP) |
|
|
Term
| Father Michael Montoya- Gender and the Culture of the Cold War |
|
Definition
| An educator and “fighter against juvenile delinquency”, for him weak muscles signified weak morality (CDV) |
|
|
Term
| hegemonic masculinity- Gender and the Culture of the Cold War |
|
Definition
| when physical force and toughness were woven together, one kind of masculinity over another, a masculine bearing that projects strength, power, aggressiveness, morality, and superiority while “inferiorizing the other,” that is, females and less manly men. (CDV) |
|
|
Term
| President’s Council on Physical Fitness (Kennedy)- Gender and the Culture of the Cold War |
|
Definition
originally created under the Eisenhower Administration under the name “President’s Council on Youth Fitness”
· Kennedy broadened scope of program to extend to all ages, renaming council “President’s Council on Physical Fitness”
· launched nation-wide public service campaign to encourage nation to be fit (best known for encouraging citizens to take 50 mile wilderness hikes once required of U.S. Marines)
· Kennedy praised coaches who motivated the youth (EP)
Side-note: did you know it still exists? And New Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees and Olympic gold-medal-winning gymnast Dominique Dawes are involved with it? |
|
|
Term
| muscle gap- Gender and the Culture of the Cold War |
|
Definition
idea that Americans might lose the Cold War if they did not increase the physical fitness of their men/armed forces who had become “soft” due to new technologies. consumer culture, modern comforts etc. The Kennedy administration embarked on a fitness campaign to close this gap and rescue the slipping morality and hardiness of the american people. (EK)
missile gap- The more Americans were lacking in muscle the more they would have to make up the missile gap to win the war. If the men in general were weaker then America would have to produce superior weapons to make up for the muscle gap. (EK) |
|
|
Term
| Frank Caprio- Gender and the Culture of the Cold War |
|
Definition
psychoanalyst specializing in female homosexuality and sexual variance in general; offered pseudo-psychoanalytic explanation for lesbian-prostitute connection
· suggested female promiscuity, masturbation in marriage, and “unconventional sex practices” (cunnilingus, fellatio, anal penetration) indicated latent homosexuality (Penn, 367) [Reader, Vol. 2, pg. 553]
· traveled throughout the world to observe the inhabitants of brothels; “asserted that ‘while it would seem paradoxical to think of prostitutes as having strong homosexual tendencies, psychoanalysts have demonstrated that prostitution in many instances represents a form of pseudo-heterosexuality--a flight from homosexual repressions. In short, many prostitutes are latent homosexuals insofar as they resort to sexual excesses with many men to convince themselves that they are heterosexual. A large percentage of them eventually become participants in lesbian activities.’” (Penn, 370) [Reader, Vol. 2, pg. 555]
· based on observations during his travels, Caprio “found that ‘the prevalence of lesbianism in brothels throughout the world has convinced me that prostitution, as a behavior deviation, attracts to a large extent women who have a very strong latent homosexual component. Through prostitution, these women eventually overcome their homosexual repressions.’” (Penn, 370) [Reader, Vol. 2, pg. 555]
· [elaboration of Caprio’s argument provided by Penn:] “the repressed lesbian fled from her fears of homosexuality into a life of heterosexual excess in which, because of her true homosexual desires, she failed to find sexual satisfaction, which in turn led her to find fulfillment in the arms of another in her sex.” (Penn, 371) [Reader, Vol. 2, pg. 555] |
|
|
Term
| Carleton Simon- Gender and the Culture of the Cold War |
|
Definition
criminologist for International Association of Chiefs of Police
· spoke at ACP annual convention on the subject of “Homosexualists and Sex Crimes,” saying “ ‘Psychopathic women homosexualists--commonly called Lesbians, also Sapphists... are fickle minded and always eager to add to their list of conquests. They seek new acquaintances, not solely as passive victims but also as active participants... They are... extremely jealous of the object of their lust... Usually large cities attract them, where the selective field is more expanded and where, if necessary, they can cover up their predilections... Though the victim of acquired sexual obsession, they may have lofty ideals and many marry and find eventually a normal sex adjustment.’ ” (Penn, 367-68) [Reader, Vol. 2, pg. 553-54]
· worked to bring details of lesbianism (the so-called “truths” of lesbianism) to public attention |
|
|
Term
| B-girl- Gender and the Culture of the Cold War |
|
Definition
| members of the sex industry along with prostitutes, strippers, call girls, etc. Their particular job involved “enticing” men in bars, especially “strip joints,” to purchase more and more drinks, for which they received a percentage, or commission of sorts. (CDV) |
|
|
