Term
| If a researcher said that a substance had produced hyperpolarization, she means that: |
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Definition
| the charge in the neuron became more negative. |
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Term
•The steps in pharmacokinetics normally occur in what sequence?
A. Absorption, metabolism, elimination, distribution
b. Distribution, elimination, metabolism, absorption
c. Elimination, distribution, metabolism, absorption
d. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination |
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Definition
| Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination |
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Term
| Termination of neurotransmitters can happen through |
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Definition
reputake
enzymes to break it down
astrocyte absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| type of neurotransmission involving the binding of neurotransmitters to receptors outside of the synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| process involving the enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitters and other molecules inside astrocytes or in the synaptic cleft |
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Term
| Turnover of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| The conversion of a neurotransmitters to a metabolite |
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Term
| What are 2 types of metabotropic ion channels? |
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Definition
G-protein coupled
Tyrosine Kinase receptors |
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Term
| How does the G protein coupled metabotropic ion channel work? |
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter joins metabotropic receptor, launching G protein to trigger an effector enzyme which releases a second messenger protein to activate a protein kinase |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein that may consist of an ion channel, enzyme, neurotransmitter receptor or other proteins involved in neuronal processes |
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Term
| Criteria for neurotransmitters |
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Definition
synthesized in presynaptic cells
Exists in presynaptic axon terminals
Released onto target cells when APs reach axon terminals
Trigger postsynaptic responses |
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Term
| families of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
amino acids
monoamines
acetylcholines
neuropeptides
gas |
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Term
| Amino acid neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| glutamate and GABA which is synthesized from glutamate through glutamic acid decarboxylase |
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Term
| Monoamine neurotransmitters Come in the subclasses |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Deprived from tyrosine amino acid to become dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Great targets for illicit drugs to make a user feel good |
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Term
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Definition
melatonin and serotonin
Both are derived from Tryptophan |
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Term
| Who found the reward centres of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pharmacodynamic tolerance |
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Definition
| Reduced responsiveness to a drug at the drug’s site of action |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreased behavioral responsiveness to a drug’s effects |
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Term
| Conditioned (or contingent tolerance) |
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Definition
| Occurs as a physiological response to stimuli associated with substance use that serves to counteract a drug’s physiological actions |
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Term
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Definition
| Tolerance for other drugs with similar biological actions |
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Term
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Definition
| Presence of physical withdrawal symptoms when a drug is not taken |
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Term
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Definition
| Presence of psychological withdrawal symptoms when a drug is not taken |
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Term
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Definition
| Return to a chronic drug use state that meets the clinical features of a substance use disorder |
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Term
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Definition
Drugs elicit powerful positive reinforcing effects that drive individuals to seek and use drugs
Repeated drug use causes a motivation, or drive, to engage in seeking a drug’s positive reinforcing effects |
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Term
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Definition
individual seeks drugs to avoid or remove withdrawal effects
The effects of a drug are automatically counteracted by opposing actions in the body |
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Term
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Definition
Stimuli associated with drug use receive salient incentive value, which then command a user's attention and produce a motivational state for drug seeking
Attribution of salient motivational value to otherwise neutral stimuli
Drug addiction occurs after a shift from “liking” the effects of a drug to “wanting” the effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior that occurs when an organism engages in learned behaviors in order to achieve a desired goal. |
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