Term
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Definition
| Theory propounded by Karl Marx that claims society is in a state of perpetual conflict due to competition for limited resources. It holds that social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than consensus and conformity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory originally attempted to explain social institutions as collective means to fulfill social needs, especially social solidarity |
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Term
| What are some of the characteristics of Structural Functionalism? |
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Definition
• Social institutions are functionally integrated to form a stable system
• Develops from this to hold that society consists of various institutions, e.g. police, hospitals, schools, etc., each of which has its own function. |
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Term
| What is the Definition of Theory? |
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Definition
| A response to the big and important questions of our time, it is a social network connecting creators of ideas to both each other and to us |
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Term
| Who founded the first official dept. of sociology in 1902 at the Sorbonne? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the origins of sociology |
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Definition
• The enlightenment period
• A shift from religious authority to science and philosophy
• 100+ year revolutionary intellectual and social movement in Europe and the united states
• By 1822, a field of study named sociology emerged
• Emphasized the need to understand and solve the many social problems generated by the industrial revolution. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Natural science to Social science? |
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Definition
| One is the study of the universe and how it works, while the other is the study of society and its development |
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Term
| What is industrialization? |
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Definition
| Period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society, involving the extensive re-organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing |
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Term
| What is Micro Theory about? |
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Definition
| Focuses on individuals and their interactions |
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Term
| What is Macro Theory about? |
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Definition
| Focuses more upon social structure, social processes and problems, and their interrelationships. |
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Term
| What is Sociological Imagination? |
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Definition
| Concept coined by C. Wright Mills that identifies its task and its promise as a way of knowing that enables individuals to grasp the relationship between history and biography within society. Ex. unemployment at what point does it shift from being a personal problem to public issue. if one person cant find it that's a personal problem if the a lot of people cant find a job then it becomes a public issue. |
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Term
| What is Symbolic Interactionism? |
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Definition
| A 20th century American theoretical tradition that examines how meanings created through interaction guide social life. A small scale perspective, interaction with a friend. People change based on their interaction with objects, people, and events. We act based on the meaning we have given something, we give meaning to things based on our social interactions, the meaning we give something is not permanent. coined by Herbert Blumer. |
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Term
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Definition
Structural things that are external and constrain individual behavior
–Language
–Money systems
–Customs–Beliefs
–Laws |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Mechanical Solidarity? |
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Definition
| Solidarity through sameness–I am like the other people in the group |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Organic Solidarity? |
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Definition
| Solidarity through interdependence–Formed by the division of labor, specialization, and diversification–I am dependent on those who are also dependent on me in this group |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Durkheim's Division of Labor? |
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Definition
• Moral basis
• Key mechanism of integration
• Evolved from status to contract relationships
• Fittest vs. new niches
• Abnormal forms of the Division of Labor:
–Anomie
–Forced
–The Other Form |
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Term
| What are the Abnormal forms of the Division of Labor? |
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Definition
–Anomie
–Forced
–The Other Form ex. useless jobs |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Collective Conscience? |
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Definition
•Shared beliefs–Cultural norms–Cultural expectations
•Used to exert collective pressure on deviants
•Used to understand what is considered deviant
•The written collective conscience is the law–Repressive
law–Restituitivelaw |
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Term
| What is a Repressive law? |
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Definition
| Laws that exist in mechanical solidarity, |
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Term
| What is a Restituitive law? |
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Definition
| Laws that exist in a organic solidarity, more complex society |
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Term
| Under Durkheim's concepts, what were the characteristics of the sacred? |
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Definition
–Anything which represents the group and its beliefs
–Anything that reminds the individuals of the moral obligations they have to the group
–Anything made the focus of a ritual |
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Term
| Under Durkheim's concepts, what were the characteristics of the Profane? |
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Definition
–Anything which isn’t sacred
–Everyday, mundane things and activities |
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Term
| According to Durkheim what are the characteristics of a Ritual? |
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Definition
–Modes of action or conduct
–Emerge from the rules and expected forms of interaction in the presence of the sacred |
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Term
| According to Durkheim what are the characteristics of a Symbol |
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Definition
| Created through repeated ritual |
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Term
| According to Durkheim what are the characteristics of Collective representations? |
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Definition
–Create solidarity and social cohesion
–Recreate and redefine the society and its moral boundaries |
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Term
| What are Durkheim's thoughts on Social Structure? |
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Definition
Functionalist Theory
–Society is like an organism
–Society is like a machine
–Main questions:
•How does it work?
•How does it stay together (integrate)?•Why are these parts here?
•How do they function?
•What purpose do they serve? |
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Term
| Whats Durkheim"s idea on Social structure? |
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Definition
| Not coerced(threatened) but imposed(forced) feeling morally obligated to act in society |
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Term
| When it comes to Structure and the Division of Labor, what are the characteristics of Mechanical Solidarity (appears first)? |
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Definition
–Very basic division of labor
–Gendered
–All people who are X can do these things; all people who are Y can do these things
–Mechanical is based on sameness |
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Term
| When it comes to Structure and the Division of Labor, what are the characteristics of Organic Solidarity (evolves over time)? |
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Definition
–Specialization
–Differentiation
–As society gets more complicated, it gets more organic |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the Evolution of Solidarity? |
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Definition
• From the same to differentiated
• From collective conscience to separate conscience
•From specific/shared morality to general/abstract morality
•From repressive law to restitutivelaw
•As society differentiates, society can't enforce specific rules of morality, but in smaller communities, specific rules can be and are enforced. |
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Term
| Both symbols and ritual are examples of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the characteristics of Durkheim ideas on Human Nature? |
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Definition
• The economic man –individual self-interested
• The moral man –the social unit
• Individuals are “bad” until society civilizes us and makes us “good”
• Religionas a civilizing influence |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of Suicide according to Durkheim? |
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Definition
Four types of suicide
–Egoistic
–Anomic
–Altruistic
–Fatalistic |
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Term
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Definition
| An interaction between regulation and integration and varies by society |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Egoistic suicide? |
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Definition
| Lack of integration, relates to the person being alone, seeing themselves alone in the world, low social interaction with others |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Anomic suicide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Altruistic suicide? |
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Definition
Over integration, when social group and investment is too high
Ex: religious cults, suicide bombers |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Fatalistic suicide? |
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Definition
Over regulation,people that are kept under very high control, people lose their individuality
EX: dictatorship like North Korea, slavery, military |
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Term
| As more small collective consciences develop with the development of subcultures, social structure becomes more complex and according to Durkheim does what? |
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Definition
| Risk higher chances of Anomie to go up |
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Term
| According to Durkheim Ritual creates what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Social facts constrain behavior and create what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Durkheim and his view on Human Nature? |
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Definition
• The economic man –individual self-interested
• The moral man –the social unit
• Individuals are “bad” until society civilizes us and makes us “good”
• Religion as a civilizing influence |
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Term
| What did Durkheim argue with Marx when it comes to human nature? |
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Definition
| We are self interested (economic man) and not the moral man (social unit) in our natural state |
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Term
| Whats Durkheim's thoughts on Human Agency? |
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Definition
• Agency is constrained by the group
• The moral man acts in the best interest of the group
• The economic man acts only for his own interests
• The goal of society: turn economic man into moral man |
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Term
| Why did Durkheim think crime was a good thing? |
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Definition
| Functional, and is able to point out the moral boundaries in society. |
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Term
| What theory of sociology did Parsons become known for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were Parson’s main assumptions about society? |
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Definition
-Societies are systems
-Large & complex with interdependent parts
-They tend toward equilibrium
-Stable elements are functional for society |
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Term
| what influences did Parsons have in his work? |
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Definition
• Utilitarianism
-Actors are goal-seeking
• Positivism
-Physical factors (biological & ecological)
influence social interaction/organization
• Idealism- How beliefs and values shape society
• -Culture (norms, values, language, etc.) shape social interaction/organization ex. texting and emojis in today’s culture |
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Term
| According to Parsons, what are the 3 types of social action (based on motives and values)? |
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Definition
• 3 types of social action (based on motives & values)
Expressive- Assessing the given amount of emotional investment based on
need disposition, relative to a certain phenomenon (cathetic significance, appreciative standards)
Moral- evaluation of interests and moral standards that assess the consequences of their actions
Instrumental- Future goals determined by cathetic interests and
appreciative standards
-Goals are determined by relative importance of data received,
observations, situations, and problems (cognitive standards)
Orientations->Actions->interactions
->institutionalized interaction -> social system |
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Term
| When it comes to social interaction, Parsons says that there are pattern variables that consists of 5 ditchotomous choices that we take, what are they? |
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Definition
1.Affective/affective neutrality-The attitudinal problem of how we feel toward a social phenomenon –How much emotion, affect, to invest in it. (EX: Doctor/Patient relationship)
2. Diffuseness/specificity-The attitudinal problem of whether to orient ourselves to part or all of the social phenomenon. (EX: Accept advice from general practitioner or specialist?)
3. Universalism/particularism-The problem of how to categorize social phenomena. Are we to judge them in terms of general standards that apply universally to all entitities, or use more specific, emotional standards for such judgments? (EX: choosing your physician vs. your children’s physician)
4. Achievement/ascription-The problem of whether we characterize social phenomena by what they are endowed with or by what they acquire. (EX: Are people born to become physicians, or are such abilities learned?)
5. Self/collectivity-the dilemma of whether we should pursue our own private interests or those shared with the collective. (EX: Physician’s goal of earning a good living vs. goal of helping humankind) |
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Term
| According to Parsons, what are the 4 levels & functions of action systems (AGIL)? |
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Definition
1.Cultural system (L)-Function: Latent (pattern maintenance)
•A system must furnish, maintain, and renew both the motivation of the individuals and the cultural patterns that create sustain that motivation
. Social system (I)-Function: Integration
•A system must regulate the interrelationship of its component parts
•It must also manage the other three functional imperatives (A,G,L)
Personality system (G)-Function: Goal Attainment
•A system must define and achieve its primary goals.
. Organic/behavioral system (A)-Function: Adaptation
•A system must cope with external situational exigencies.
•It must adapt to its environment and adapt to its needs. |
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