Term
|
Definition
- present stimuli (words) to ears and eyes
- measure how participants respond
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- measure the outward change in behavior
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- button tasks that ask to differentiate between two choices
- e.g.: "b" and "p"
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is the string of letters a word? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are the two stimuli the same or different? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in infants, if the infant turns its head towards the speaker of a different direction, one could infer that it heard something different. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| see where people look when presented with several images |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure brain's response to language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- functioning magnetic resonance imaging
- powerful magnet detects changes in blood flow in the brain
- measures where oxygen is being used
- excellent at localizing where activity is happening but not when
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- measure electrical activity
- great for measuring when brain activity takes place
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- transcranial magnetic stimulation
- wire coil is placed over area of interest
- magnetic pulse temporarily disrupts the function of the brain
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a comprehensive idea about how the world works and is organized |
|
|
Term
| purposes that theories serve in science |
|
Definition
- summarize and organize data
- guide research by telling us where to look next
- subject to falsification
- experimentation is the process by which theories are tested and modified
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- vocal cords: elastic muslces that tighten up when one produces a voiced sound
- when one produces a complex wave, the fundamental frequency is one's voice
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- mouth and nose, where sound comes out
- different positions create different kinds of sounds
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sounds that one produces
- consonants and vowels
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the smallest unit of speech that creates a word
- there are about 40 in english
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of harmonics that resonate strongly in the vocal track |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Pinna: part that's visible, helps focus on channeling sound into the ear
- Auditory Canal: where sound enters, amplifies sounds between 2,000-5,000 Hz (human speech)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- incus, malleus, stapes
- work in concert to move sound from outer ear to inner ear
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- amplify sound
- maintain air pressure
- protect the inner ear
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| earliest arriving sound takes precedence in determining the location/direction of the sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we perceive the same sound object as constant despite changes in physical properties of that object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- no direct correspondance between acoustics of speech and the phonemes you perceieve, so speech must be perceived in another way
|
|
|
Term
| evidence for motor theory |
|
Definition
- set of phonemes do not constitute a traditonal alphabet
- acoustics of speech do not contain reliable phonemic info
- categorical perception
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- strongest evidence for Motor Theory
- perceiving speech is different from other sounds
- demonstrates insensitivity to acoustic variation in speech
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for all other types of sounds, perception is continuous, there is no discrete boundary at which perception suddenly changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- listeners don't perceive acoustics, rather phonemes encoded in acoustics
- we percieve the motor commands (articulatory gestures) produced by talkers
- two modes of perception (non speech and speech)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brain system responsible for processing all sounds except speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| special-purpose brain system dedicated to processing only speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- three sine tones that track the center frequencies of the first three formants
- individually, sound like a whistle; in unison sound like speech
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hearing speech and nonspeech simultaneously from the same sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shows how strongly the brain integrates visual and auditory cues in speech production (multimodal integration) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if parts of the brain are dedicated to processing speech, then newborn infants should perceive speech categorically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if categorical perception is due to brain mechanisms, aniamls should not perceive speech categorically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a comprehensive idea about how the world works |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- summarize research
- guide research by telling us where to look next
- subject to falsification
|
|
|
