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| the ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual’s life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces |
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| A system of concepts and relationships, and understanding of cause and effect |
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the ability to carry out one’s own will despite resistance
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| emergence of the ideal of political liberty; democracies began to replace monarchies; there was a rise in science and rational thought |
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| There was a shift in the economy from agrarian to industrial. The shift caused there to be extremes in wealth and poverty |
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| Most famous of the three early sociologists; believed that it was primarily the conflicts between classes that drove social change throughout history. History is an account of man’s struggle to gain control of and later dominate his natural environment. |
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| There is a conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The pro thinks it is unfair that they do all the work and the bourgeoisie |
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| the capitalist class. The few people who are rich and in control |
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| the working class. The majority of people who do all of the work for the bourgeoisie. |
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| wished to understand how society holds together and the ways that modern capitalism and industrialization have transformed how people relate to one another. |
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| Written by Emile Durkheim, in which he shows how this individual act is, in reality, conditioned by social forces; the degree to which we are integrated into group life (or not) and the degree to which our lives follow routines |
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| suicide that occurs as a result of too little social regulation |
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| Suicide that occurs as a result of too little social regulation |
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| suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group. |
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| how well you are integrated into your social group or community |
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| a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation |
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| social cohesion based on differences and interdependence of the parts |
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| social cohesion based on sameness. |
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| looked at the effects of rationality on modern societies. What ideas hold society together. He came up with Rationalization Theory- that modern societies will become more rational over time. |
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| Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism |
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| Developed by Weber. He looked at the virtues of the Protestant faith and connected it to the rise in capitalism. (Look at some of Ben Franklin’s ideas) |
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| A legal-rational organization or mode of administration that governs with reference to rules and roles and emphasizes meritocracy |
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| The formation of a new racial identity, in which new ideological boundaries of difference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people |
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| theoretical tradition claiming that every society has certain structures (the family, the division of labor, or gender) which exist in order to fulfill some set of functions (reproduction of the species, production of goods, etc.) |
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| argues that the structure of society and the nature of social relationships are the result of past and ongoing conflicts |
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| a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people’s actions |
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| Feminist Perspective (Methodology) |
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| a set of systems of methods that treat women’s experiences as legitimate empirical and theoretical resources, that promote social science for women ( think public sociology, but for a specific half of the public), and that take into account the researcher as much as the overt subject matter |
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| Qualitative Research Methods |
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| methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form. |
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| a research method by which two or more entities (such as countries), which are similar in many dimensions but differ on one in question, are compared to learn about the dimension that differs between them |
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| the outcome that the researcher is trying to explain |
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| a measured factor that the researcher believes has a casual impacts on the dependent variable |
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| The subset of the population from which you are actually collecting data |
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| a systematic analysis of the content rather than the structure of a communication, such as a written work, speech, or film |
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| Social Construction of Reality |
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| an institutionalized entity or artifact in a social system “invented” or “constructed” by participants in a particular culture or society that exists because people agree to behave as if it exists, concur on following certain conventional rules or behave as if such an agreement or rules exist |
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| a set of beliefs, traditions, and practices; the sum total of social categories and concepts we embrace in addition to beliefs, practices, and surroundings; that which is not natural environment around us |
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| values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms |
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| differences between sexes |
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| something used to represent or stand for something else. Language is the most powerful symbol through which social reality is constructed and maintained |
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| how values tell us to act |
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| Mores violate a serious norm (murder) and Folkways have a bit more leeway, not as big of a deal when broken; not usually punishable by law |
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| Signals that indicate someone has violated a norm. |
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| the judgment of other groups by one’s own standards and values |
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| the distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society; group having social, economic, or ethnic traits distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society |
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| a status into which one in born; involuntary status, ex. Race, sex |
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| a status into which one enters; voluntary status, ex. Doctor, Lawyer, Teacher, Priest, etc |
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| a group of social positions, connected by social relations, performing a social role; also defined in a narrow sense as any institution in a society that works to socialize the groups or people within it |
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| the duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status |
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| Sets of behavioral norms to accompany one’s status as a male or female |
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| those mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals |
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| External forces: Force or threat of force (coercion), Economic pressures, Family and Friends Internal: desire to conform, fear of stigma, “police” ourselves |
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| the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as a member of that society |
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| an internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings- regardless of whether we’ve encountered those people or places before |
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| The individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person |
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| Constructing identity is a social process; creating the self |
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| Charles H. Cooley- the sense of who we are defined by the reflected appraisal of others |
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| Reflexive behavior/reflexivity |
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| analyzing and critically considering our own role in, and affect on, our research. |
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| The study of human society |
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| C.W. Mills explanation of sociological imagination, an interaction between these elements in society, sociology is the study of this connection |
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| C.W. Mills theory: if "I" did something different, blame individual |
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| C.W. Mills theory:economy's fault, nothing individual could have done |
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| Belief in the primary importance of the individual and in the virtues of self-reliance and personal independence |
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| how individuals define themselves in relationship to groups with which they affiliate (or disassociate from) |
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| seeks to understand local interactional contexts; its methods of choice are ethnographic, generally including participant observation and in-depth interviews |
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| generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysis- that is, across the breadth of a society |
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| Related to postmodernism, everything is interpretable within a framework; seemingly objective phenomena |
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| a methodological approach that looks for the causes of developments and changes in human societies in the way in which humans collectively earn a living, thus emphasizing,through economic analysis, everything that coexists within the economic base of society |
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| in ensuing Communist society, would be abolished and the resulting ideology governing the new economy would be: "from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs" Karl Marx |
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| German: to interpret and understand the social world through experience |
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| a condition characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history the replacement of narrative with pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting, identities resulting from disjointed affiliations |
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Field research(Participant Observation
,In-depth Interviews,Ethnography
Non-Participant Observation)Unobtrusive research(Statistical study of existing data,Content Analysis, Historical Analysis, Visual Sociology) Survey research |
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| observed or researched data |
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| One outcome causes the other, not always the case. The notion that a change in one factor results in a corresponding change in another |
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| numerical value, methods that seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in, or can be converted to numeric form |
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| a research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis,makes empirical observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory |
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| a research approach that starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory |
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| association simultaneous variation in two variables. A relationship between variables |
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| the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study |
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| the extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure |
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| Likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure |
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| the extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studied |
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| an in-depth look at a specific phenomenon in a particular social setting |
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| a qualitative research method that seeks to observe social actions in practice |
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| the practice of sociological research, teaching, and service that seeks to engage a nonacademic audience for a normative, productive end |
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| Ethics of social research |
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| "do no harm", informed consent,voluntary participation, protected populations(need additional approval) |
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| the idea that culture is a projection of social structure and relationships into the public sphere, a screen onto which the film of the underlying reality or social structures of our society is projected |
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| Family, Schools, Peer groups, media, work. Church/Religion |
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| The process by which one's sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are re-engineered, often deliberately through an intense social process that may take place in a total institution |
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| an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life, no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority |
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| A recognizable social position that an individual occupies |
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| Struggle to fulfill all the duties associated with a status |
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| Duties of different roles conflict with each other, being a mother and a professor |
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| all the statuses a person possesses |
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| Statues that supersedes all other statuses |
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| which is not an agreement in any absolute sense, but a tentative agreement as to whose claims and definitions would be honored according to the different situation,for all subsequent actions and responses would be based upon these initial knowledges: Erving Goffman |
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| The view (advanced by Erving goffman) of social life as essentially a thearitical performance, in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages, with scripts, sets, roles, and costumes |
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| literally "the methods of the people," this approach to studying human interaction focuses on the ways in which we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a mutually shared social order |
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