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| Camus’s theory of life: There is no real meaning to life, or is there meaning to life at all. Because we are not certain of what the meaning of life is we cannot be certain there is meaning to life at all. |
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| In Greek mythology, the story of Sisyphus, whom the gods punished my making him spend all eternity pushing a rock up a mountain only to have it fall back down again. Albert Camus uses Sisyphus as a model for the absurdity of human life in general. (pg.49) |
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| Be able to detail at least two additional answers to the question, "What is the meaning of life?" |
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| Examples: Life is a puzzle, you don’t know what the picture is supposed to look like, and you don’t even know if you’ve got all the pieces. Life is a maze- except you try to avoid the exit. Life is a poker game. It requires luck but you can win with a high pair and you can lose with a flush. Life is win or lose- a few people win most are losers. Life is an adventure. Life is a learning experience. Life is a blessing. Life is suffering. (43) |
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| The belief that there is no God |
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| The refusal to believe either that God exists or that he does not exist, usually on the grounds that there can be no sufficient evidence for either belief. (65) |
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| In depend of. In the philosophy of religion, a transcendent God is one who is distinct and separate from the universe he created. This is contrasted with the concept of an immanent God, for example, in pantheism, where God is identical with his creation, or to take a different example, in certain forms of humanism, in which God is identical with humankind. |
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| - God defined as within the world and the human spirit, rather than distinct from humanity and the universe he created.(73) |
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| All- Powerful, usually said of God. (pg. 65) |
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| All- Knowing, usually said of God. (65) |
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| All mighty God- (in notes) Morally perfect and all Good. |
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- God can neither makes limitations, or fulfill the limitations. Could God make a bolder too heavy for God to lift. God can neither make a bolder nor life the bolder. Either answer limits God’s powers.
Proves this more to us, than God. |
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| In Hegel, the all-embracing idea that includes the entire universe and all of humanity. More generally, Spirit means enthusiasm (as in “team spirit” or “when the sprit moves me”); in religion, Spirit usually refers to an intangible being, such as God or, sometimes, the human soul. (135) Collective consciousness in which people believe in something. God as Part of the world. Spirit is a form of idealism. Where we perceive things. We drive things forward. |
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| - A variation of the Judeo- Christian tradition that was extremely popular in the science-minded eighteenth century. Deism holds that God must have existed to create the universe with all its laws (and thereby usually accepts some form of the cosmological argument), but it also holds that there is no justification for our belief that God has any special concern for people, and concern for justice, or any of those anthropomorphic attributes for which we worship him, pray to him, and believe in biblical stories, about him. (79) Can be a solution to the problem of evil. God made the world, but is only an observer. |
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| The Problem of Evil/ solutions- |
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| The idea that “God is Good”, but the fear that God is all- powerful, but can’t do anything about the evil. God is all knowing. But doesn’t know about the evil, or God is good, but doesn’t care about the evil. Solutions: The Aesthetic Totality Solution: This solution urges us to take in “the big picture” in order to see that the beauty of goodness of the whole depend in part on the shadows and tragedies that seem to us to be evil. It is the essential steps in God’s (and the world’s) development. and The Free-Will Solution: God created us with free will, the ability to do what we wanted to. Another solution is that we don’t know what evil is so we don’t know what is evil and what isn’t. (85) |
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| Cosmological Argument- Know who this is associated with |
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| St. Thomas Aquinas-An argument (or set of arguments) that undertakes to prove that God exists on the basis of the idea that there must have been a first cause or an ultimate reason for the existence of the universe (the cosmos). (89) Proves there is a beginning to the universe. |
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| A series could go on infinitely. Somewhat of a threat to us, because of the cosmological argument. |
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| William Palley Purposeful, arcetectual, structured. |
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| Philosopher Ancel An argument (or set of arguments) that tries to prove the existence of God from the very concept of “God” For example, God, by definition is that Being with all possible perfection; existence is perfection; therefore god exists. Steps on moodle to help review this argument. (91-92) Things that exist in the mind and things that exist in reality. |
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| Reduced to absurdity. A form of argument in which one refutes a statement by showing that it leads to absurdity. The opponent believes two things that are contradictory example, that a square is also a circle. |
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| In Kierkegaard, believing on faith what one cannot prove. (80-81) Wanting to believe something so much regardless of whether |
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| Pascal’s belief that God exists or does not exist. If God exists and we believe he exists, we will be rewarded, if we believe he exists and he doesn’t, we will miss out a couple of things, but will not lose anything. If we don’t believe he exists and he does, we will suffer in eternal damnation. And if we don’t believe and he doesn’t, we will live happy lives, but ? What will happen? (95) |
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| Kant's Moral Argument for Belief |
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| An idealist cannot prove the existence of God. But can argue that it is a good idea to believe in God. Suggests that life I not fair. Natural inequalities in people. Some people are unlucky, even when they are good people. And some people are lucky even though they are horrible people. Believe in the afterlife if you believe that good people will go to heaven, and if you believe people are bad will go to hell. |
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| "Religion is the opiate of the masses" |
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| "- Given by philosopher Marx , reference to the industrial revolutions. People are working hard all week, but go to mass on Sunday, and they feel relieved and relaxed, not because of mass, but because they had rest. But many believed it was because of God. |
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| "- religion had a function in society (life, educations), and now it doesn’t have as much of a function, life became more secular, the bible wasn’t in Latin. Society has changed and moved away from a religious way of life |
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| Philosopher Freud, an error is a factual mistake, and an illusion is a mistake in the mind. |
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| Religious beliefs are illusions" |
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| Philosopher Freud: Illusions contain an idea of wish fulfillment; do not want to be failed so they believe in God. |
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| What’s really real in reality, and what appears to be real in reality. Reality is unchanging, and permanent, Plays role in Plato’s theory, of Life of Being and Life of Becoming. Philosophers that believe this are Heraclites and Permedes |
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| The metaphysical view that there is ultimately only one substance that all reality is one. Less strictly, it may be applied to philosophers who believe in only one kind of substance. (126) |
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| the metaphysical view that many distinct substances are in the universe and perhaps many different kinds of substances as well (125) |
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| The Forms represented Plato’s attempt to capture the mathematical insights of Pythagoras and to correlate being and becoming, following Parmenides and Heraclitus. World of Becoming- world of material things that change die, and disappear less real than the world of being. World of Being- The truly real world. The forms are perfect permanent things that exist in the world, but in our world they may be permanent but not perfect. You can draw a perfect triangle but it is not permanent. |
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| The cave represents: World of becoming. the shadow: objects in our world, such as caves. the world outside the cave.: world of being. The world of forms, the objects in it are forms. The objects in our world, are not as present as the forms. |
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| Forms are part of the substance. Form is the shape or the structure of a substance, Change the substance changes and the material changes. |
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| Substance (for Aristotle, Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz) |
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| Substance is an independent being. From is a part of substance. Matter is what makes the substance. The essential reality of a thing or things that underlies the various properties and changes of properties. It’s most common definitions: “that which is independent and can exist by itself”; “the essence of a thing which does not and cannot change.” In traditional Metaphysic, a substance is the same as “ultimate reality.” And the study of substance is that branch of metaphysics that studies reality—namely ontology. (122-124) |
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| For Arostotle, every substance have a substance, each person have an essence, properties which make each person unique, and different from other people. |
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| Believe one thing in the universe, the mind of Solipsist. Everyone else is a fragment of my imagination. |
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| The unity of the world and the mind is spirit discovering itself cosmic consciousness. |
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| The World is illusion; only will is real (but irrational) Will: no satisfactions when will is achieved, wants more Goes no where. |
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Two worlds: World of Nature: Physical objects, causes and effect, self as object of knowledge, science, technology, facts to be known.
World of Action and belief: Rational principles (morality),freedom to choose, self as agent, God, immortal soul, faith, duty to be done. |
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| "Ess est Dercipi" To be is to be percieved. Reality is what and how we percieve |
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| For Arostotle, every substance have a substance, each person have an essence, properties which make each person unique, and different from other people. |
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| The metaphysical view that only the mind and its ideas exist. |
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| Reality is ultimately water |
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| Reality is indefinite “stuff” (apeiron) |
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| Reality is essentially air. |
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| Reality is unchanging and unknown to us. |
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| Reality is ultimately numbers |
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| Reality consists of tiny atoms. |
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| Pre-Socratic Philosophers (and their major beliefs) 7 |
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