Term
| How much blood in body? (volume) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Specific gravity of blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| Viscosity(thickness) of blood |
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Definition
5 times as thick as water for whole blood
2.5 times as thick for plasma |
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Term
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Definition
90% water
8% proteins: albumins (60%), globulins(antibodies) (36%), fibrinogen(clotting proteins) (4%), ions, metabolites
2% Non-protein nitrogen (NPN), ions, bicarbonate, vitamins, metabolites (glucose, FFAs, AAs) |
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Term
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Definition
Transport --> CO2 from tissues to lungs, O2 from lungs to tissues, hormones, metabolites
Immunity (Protection) --> destroys antigens by producing antibodies
Hemostasis --> blood clotting within 5-7 mins of injury
Homeostasis (Regulation)--> Thermoregulation: vasoconstriction and vasodilation by sympathetic control |
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Term
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Definition
| 55% plasma, 45% formed elements. |
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Term
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Definition
Erythrocytes (RBC) - 99% of blood
Leukocytes (WBC) - 1% of blood
Thrombocytes (platelets) - included in the 1% |
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Term
| Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) |
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Definition
| includes urea, uric acid, creatine, ammonium, and salts. |
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Term
| Hematocrit (% of RBCs) in males and females |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
2.2 micrometers thick, 7.5 micrometers in diameter
34% Hb in RBCs
enucleated, anaerobic, live for about 120 days
Short lived because of lack of mitochondrion and no nucleus
4.3-5.2 mill/mm^3 in females
5.1-5.8 mill/mm^3 in males |
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Term
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Definition
| RBC formation. takes place in cranium, ribs, sternum, humerus, and femur. Body produces 2 million cells per second/100 billion cells a day. |
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Term
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Definition
| Breakdown of RBCs. Spleen of body destroys 140 mill cells per minute. |
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Term
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Definition
protein responsible for RBC cell shape
If defective, RBCs are ball-shaped --> can't handle any excess water --> cell will burst (hemolysis) |
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Term
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Definition
Tetrameric
Present in blood/RBCs
Aids in transport of O2 |
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Term
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Definition
Monomeric
Present in muscles
Aids in transport of O2 |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by a decreased number of RBCs
Can cause bacterial infections
Cause could also be from unmatched blood transfusions |
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Term
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Definition
| rupture or destruction of blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by a decreased number of RBCs
Blood loss |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by a decreased number of RBCs
- RBCs not forming, no erythropoeisis
Toxins, radiation, arsenic |
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Definition
Caused by nutritional problems such as lack of Fe, Cu, B12, Folic Acid. ... (microcytosis?)
Also can be caused by Pernicious Anemia |
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Term
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Definition
| Intrinsic factor (stomach) for absorption of vitamin B12 developing in erythrocytes fail to divide (increase in size - macrocytes) |
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Term
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Definition
Blood cells carry HbS (defective B chain)
Insoluble HbS, crystalline structure causes sickle, pointed shaped cells that get stuck in the capillaries and causes choking and PAIN.
1/400 African-American
1/12 are carriers of gene
32% are carriers in Africa
SS: normal, prone to malaria
Ss: carrier, resistant to malaria
ss: patient |
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Term
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Definition
Globin chain defective, less number of chains
Commonly seen in the Mediterranean/Asian people
Thal Major: Fatal, baby lives 5-6 years
Thal Minor: constant, lifelong blood transfusions |
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Term
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Definition
Increased concentration of Hb in blood.
8-11 mill/mm^3
Common in people living in high altitudes
Triggers more secretion of hemopoeitin or erythropoietin (hormones from kidneys) which increases blood viscosity which leads to high blood pressure and thrombosis |
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Term
| Hemopoeitin/Erythropoietin |
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Definition
Hormones from the kidneys that is secreted when hypoxia occurs.
Triggers erythropoeisis |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Start as hemocytoblast --> Proerythroblast -->Early Proerythroblast --> Late Proerythroblast --> Normoblast (still has nucleus) --> Reticulocytes (process of losing nucleus --> Erythrocyte (no nucleus) --> to circulation |
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Term
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Definition
6-8 mill/mm^3, hypoxemia
Blood doping |
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Term
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Definition
4800-10,800 cells/mm^3
Polymorphonuclear leucocytes - varying shape of nucleus. |
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Term
| Granulocytes (myelocytes) |
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Definition
granules in cytoplasm.
3 types of granulocytes: basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
20-50 cells/mm^3
<1%
Histamine (IgE & histamine; vasodilation)
produces heparin |
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Term
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Definition
100-140 cell/mm^3
4%
Involved in allergic reactions
Increases with allergic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
3000-7000cells/mm^3
70%
Phagocytes, NADPH oxidase, free radicals..? |
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Term
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Definition
Without granules in cytoplasm
2 types of agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes |
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Term
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Definition
1500-3000 cells/mm^3
Immunocompetent?
T-cells, B-cells
25-30% |
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Term
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Definition
100-700 cells/mm^3
phagocytes, can escape blood circulation and become macrophages in tissue
3-8% |
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Term
| Neutophils v. Macrophages |
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Definition
| Although both eat bacteria, macrophages do not die in process. Neutrophils eat bacteria and die. Pus is created when thousands of neutrophils are dying. |
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Term
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Definition
Symptoms; anemia, pain
2 types of leukemia: myelocytic and lymphocytic |
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Term
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Definition
Granulocytes
Develops slowly, usually in older people |
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Definition
Agranulocytes
Develops quickly, usually in younger people |
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Term
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Definition
?
Physiological, pregnancy |
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Definition
Agranulocytes caused by Epstein-Barr virus
Highly contagious
Symptoms include fever, itchy, weakness, tired, sore throat |
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Definition
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Definition
150,000-400,000cells/mm^3
2-4 micrometers
Thrombopoeitin transforms hemocytoblast into megakaryoblast and then into megakaryocyte
Fragments of megakaryocytes
No nucleus
Blood coagulation by aggregation
Release thromboxin A2 which causes blood vessels to constrict (vasoconstriction), platelets to stick to each other --> blood clot |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone to cause platelets to form |
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Term
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Definition
promotes tissue repair after injury
stimulates fribroblasts |
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Term
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Definition
Condition where blood doesn't clot
Symptoms include low platelet count, blood loss |
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Definition
| Substance that causes pain and prevents platelet aggregation |
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Definition
| Stimulated by hormones in cytokines |
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Term
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Definition
Interleukins (IL-3, IL-5...)
Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF) - stimulate production of specific leukocytes (G-CSF for granulocytes) |
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Term
| List the layers of the heart starting from outside going in |
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Definition
Pericardium, (peri-around, cardium-heart)
-Double walled sac.
-fibrous pericardium: protects, anchors, prevents overfilling
-Serous pericardium: thin, slippery bilayer
-Pericardial cavity: pericardial fluid
Epicardium, (epi-upon, on, or above)
-Visceral layer of serous pericardium
Myocardium (myo-muscle)
-cardiac muscles in spiral or circular bundles
-fibrous skeleton
Endocardium (endo-internal, within)
-glistening white squamous epithelium
-continues with endothelium of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
Supply heart with a constant supply of O2.
1/20th of cardiac output
Left coronary: branches out to Anterior interventricular artery + circumflex artery
Right coronary: branches out to Posterior interventricular artery + marginal artery
Blood collects in coronary sinus and opens into the right atrium.
Coronaries originate from base of aorta
If coronaries experience blockage by plaque formation, it will cause ischemia and a lack of O2 and nutrients which leads to myocardial infarction (muscles are dead or dying). Once dead, these tissues are replaced by scar tissue (fibrous collagenous tissue, not contractile) which leads to a decrease in force in heart, no circulation, no brain --> neurons die. If ATP is not supplied to neuron within 3-7 mins, cell will die. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Lesser circulation: blood to and from lungs
Circulation time = 12 sec
Entire blood supply goes through pulmonary circuit 5 times per minute. |
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Term
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Definition
Greater circulation: blood to and from body and head
Most blood is here.
Circulation time = 1 minute (5L 1time every minute) |
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Term
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Definition
In the fetus, ductus arteriosis allows blood to pass directly from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, thus bypassing the nonfunctional fetal lungs.
Matures in adult body into the ligamentum arteriosum
Located between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta |
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Term
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Definition
Structure in fetal heart that allows blood to pass from the right to the left atruim, thus by passing the fetal lungs
Matures into oval depression called the fossa ovalis
Located in interatrial septum
Some babies are born with hole in interatrial septum-"blue babies." If the hole does not close with age, it has to be surgically closed. |
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Term
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Definition
Heart attack; caused by blockage, thus lack of O2.
Fixed by bypass or shunt |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior interventricular sulcus - depression between 2 ventricles. Houses interventricular artery + circumflex. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Free floating clot in blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Valves that do not close
Promotes backflow of blood
Surgery is needed to fix bad valves - replace with artificial valves or pig valves |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st pacemaker on right atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd pacemaker on interatrial ... wall |
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Term
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Definition
Contractile
Short, thick, branched fibers
Fewer nuclei
Fewer striations
Intercalated discs
-Contains desmosomes for strength
-contains channels to connect muscles to each other.
-Contains gap junctions for ions to cross though
Contain plenty of mitochondria
Sarcomeres
Wider and fewer T-tubles
No Triads
Need ATP and Ca2+ ions |
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Term
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Definition
Allow electrical coupling between muscle cells.
Electrical current can travel easily through muscle cells
Gap junctions close due to lack of ATP or acidic conditions (H+ surplus) |
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